Benzene, Lubricants and AIDS

By Stephen Byrnes
Explore! January 1997

In the search for the causes of AIDS in the Western world (1) many agents have been proposed: HIV, a retrovirus, chronic consumption of drugs such as cocaine, amyl nitrates (poppers), and AZT, as well as other immunosuppressive drugs prophylactically prescribed for HIV "infection," (2) multiple, repeated venereal diseases, leading to immune collapse (3), and radiation exposure (4). Syphillis (5), other viral pathogens such as HHV6 (6), a herpes virus, parasitic infections (7), and contaminated Factor VIII (8), a clotting agent added to the transfused blood given to hemophiliacs, have also been proposed.

Some of these theories have been discarded as more research was done on them, e.g., the syphillis theory (9). As for the others, the "drug-AIDS" hypothesis, fervently espoused and documented by such notables as Peter Duesberg provides a succinct explanation of many cases of AIDS, especially in light of the known toxicity of recreational drugs and DNA chain-terminating nucleosides like AZT and ddI (10) , and contaminated Factor VIII can certainly explain "AIDS," or severe immune suppression, in hemophiliacs (11). As for the others, they suffer from a lack of hard or convincing evidence. Certainly, however, repeated bouts of V.D. don't help the immune system remain stable or strong and antiparasitic herbal protocols have appeared to dramatically help some immune compromised individuals.(12)

The problem with AIDS causation is that it is not only one thing all of the time: many factors can contribute to immunosuppression. Finding out which ones are in play for a particular individual depends on the individual and recovery for that individual depends on the individual's condition.

The majority of the medical and scientific community, of course, denies all of this in favor of a single cause: the HIV retrovirus. This tunnelvision with regards to AIDS causation and "treatment" has left the world with a lot of dead people. Announced to be the "probable cause of AIDS" by Robert Gallo at a government press conference in 1984, HIV has been the one and only thing put forward by the bulk of scientists and, despite its propagation by them and the media, falls woefully short as a satisfactory explanation:

1. Almost 15 years after its discovery, no scientist has been able to explain how HIV causes AIDS. The latest theory put forward, the so-called "Viral Load" hypothesis, has been shown to be a fantasy by several authorities (13).

2. Why is it that thousands of people have AIDS without HIV? (14)

3. If HIV is transmitted sexually and is highly contagious, why hasn't AIDS spread into the heterosexual population? (15)

4. If HIV is a pathogenic virus, why does it not produce the same diseases in the people who are infected by it? (16)

5. If HIV is a disease causing retrovirus, why does it fail all the criteria of a pathogenic agent as defined by Koch's Postulates, the historical "acid test" for proving whether or not a bacteria or virus directly causes a given disease? (17) This is not meant to be a complete analysis of the flawed HIV hypothesis, just the main points.

There is another cause, however, that is proposed here. This cause appeared just months before the first cases of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia, two of the "banner" AIDS diseases, appeared in some gay men in the major U.S. metropolitan areas in the late '70's. This cause is a chemical toxin, is still with us today, and contributes to the plight of many: it is benzene (and its chemical derivatives) and it was, and is, found in sexual lubricants, a product almost exclusively used by the gay community.

What is Benzene?

Benzene is a chemical solvent that was developed by chemist Michael Faraday in the early 1800's (18). Since it is cheap to manufacture, and since it is such an effective solvent, it was, and is, routinely used in manufacturing, being added to glues, paint thinners, rubber cement, varnish and shellac removers, various petroleum products, and gasoline.

The chemical structure of benzene is C6H6 and early on it was identified as being an incredibly toxic substance. Workers in the various industries where benzene was used were, over time due to repeated, chronic exposure, severely anemic and many developed leukemia as well as permanent bone marrow damage (19). Because of its known dangers, worker exposure to benzene is now strictly regulated by the E.P.A. (20) However, since benzene is such a useful solvent, and because it is so inexpensive, it is still widely in use despite the hazards.

The effects of benzene on the human system are as follows: "Confirmed human carcinogen producing myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and lymphomas by inhalation. A human poison by inhalation . . .skin contact, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and possibly other routes. A severe eye and moderate skin irritant. . . blood changes, increased body temperature. . .Mutation data reported. . . .The bone marrow may be [damaged], . . .the changes reflected in the peripheral blood. Anemia, leucopenia, macrocytosis, . . .thrombocytopenia may be present. . . Benzene has a definite cumulative action . . . . In chronic poisoning the onset is slow, with the symptoms vague: fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea and loss of appetite, loss of weight, and weakness are common complaints [emphasis mine]. There is great individual variation in the signs and symptoms of chronic benzene poisoning." (21)

Benzene belongs to the chemical family known as aromatic hydrocarbons, the other members, and their uses, are:

The other aromatic hydrocarbons are xylene and toluene. The effects of the hydrocarbons are similar: they accumulate in, and damage, the bone marrow causing anemia and depressed immune function. A related compound, though not a hydrocarbon, is benzoic acid, a.k.a., sodium benzoate, methylparaben, and propylparaben (22). We will return to this compound a bit later in the paper.

Cases of Benzene Contamination

There have been several instances in recent history where benzene, or one of its derivatives, has contaminated a food or has been an ingredient in a pharmaceutical product. All of these conditions were, at first, thought to have been infectious and either virally or bacterially caused. These instances are: (1) American pellagra, (2) Toxic Oil Syndrome, (3) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, (4) SMON, and (5) EMS (eosinophilia myalgia syndrome). Intravenous drug use (IVDU) also figures into the benzene picture. Let us now look at these occurrences, paying specific attention to the physical conditions these contaminations brought about.

American pellagra was a disease that hit the southern United States during 1900-1950 and claimed tens of thousands of lives, as well as affected about 250,000 people. Outbreaks of pellagra had occured before in other countries but American pellagra was slightly different: while all had niacin deficiency at the heart of the condition, the American problem was exacerbated by the use of new bleaching and degerminating procedures for corn and wheat which not only stripped the grain of its nutrients but also added into it various chemical residues, including pesticides, like hexachlorobenzene, to keep the flour free from bug infestation. It is for this reason that pellagra continued to occur after the niacin deficiency was addressed (23).

Pellagra was thought to have been an infectious condition, despite overwhelming proof against that notion. It produced a wide range of effects such as dementia, fevers, rashes, skin lesions, opportunistic infections, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, pneumonia, retinitis, night sweats, and diarrhea, among others (24).

Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS) occured in Madrid, Spain in 1981 where there was a localized outbreak of immune suppression among thousands of people. At first, health authorities suspected a viral cause since the affected were family members, friends, or acquantances. On closer inspection, however, the source of the trouble was a particular brand of olive oil, sold only in Madrid, that had been "cut" with canola oil. The canola oil had been "denatured" (i.e., had its fatty content removed or reduced) and had been contaminated in the denaturing process with 2% aniline that resulted in fatty acid anilides (e.g., oleylanilide) and structural contaminants (e.g. p-benzoquinoline) (25). In short, the victims of TOS became ill from ingesting benzene-contaminated olive oil.

The symptoms of this condition were virtually identical to American pellagra: immunosuppression, fever, chills, sweats, rashes, eosinophilia, muscle wasting, cough, dyspnea, muscle cramps, dry eyes and mouth, skin lesions, dementia, peripheral neuropathy, pneumonia, chronic hepatitis, lymph swelling, and opportunistic infections (26). Additionally, cellular and immunological abnormalities occurred: an inversion of CD4/CD8 cell ratios, production of autoantibodies to collagen DNA, and reduced T and B cellular responses to mitogens. (27) It was proposed that the autoantibody production was the result of an increase in the CD4/CD8 T cell ratios. (28)

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a relatively new condition that appeared in America and Europe at about the same time as AIDS. Dubbed the "Yuppie Flu" for its tendency to strike only young urbanites, it is characterized by the same symptoms as pellagra and TOS. For several years the American Centers for Disease Control tried, unsuccessfully, to blame the condition on various pathogens, most notably the Epstein-Barr virus. When CFS showed up, however, in many people with no trace of this virus, the theory had to be abandoned. At present, the CDC asserts that CFS has no known, definite cause and that it is not infectious.

The majority of CFS sufferers are women (29) and the source of the condition most probably lies in the yuppie liking for certain "denatured" foods which were introduced to the marketplace in the 80's: decaffeinated and sugar free drinks, "lite", fat free, and salt free foods, for example. Benzoic acid figures largely in the syndrome, being added as a preservative into diet colas and many of the altered foods. Benzene also figured directly as it had contaminated the popular yuppie drink, Perrier (30).

Our next occurence is Japan where an outbreak of immune suppression occured between 1955 to 1978 called SMON (subacute myelo optico neuropathy). Like our preceeding examples, SMON was thought to have been caused by a virus but, after 20 years and many deaths, was traced to a prescription drug called clioquinol, a medication for stomach upset. Clioquinol contained 8-hydroxy-quinoline, a benzene derivative. This drug was prescribed for stomach upset but actually caused it, requiring higher and higher doses, thus insuring more eposure to the toxin. The symptoms were: abdominal pain, fever, rash, diarrhea, neuropathy, weight loss, skin lesions, retinitis leading to blindness, fatigue, paralysis, and pneumonia. (31) These symptoms are, of course, almost the same as the other conditions looked at.

It just so happens that clioquinol was given to emigrating Hatians arriving in the U.S.A. in the early 80's for parasitic infections and, currently, is heavily marketed in Zaire and Angola (32). As some readers may remember, Haitians were singled out by the CDC as being one of the original "AIDS risk groups" in the early 80's. It is quite reasonable to conclude, however, that the "AIDS" suffered by some Haitians was nothing more than benzene poisoning caused by clioquinol ingestion.

EMS was the result of benzene derivatives contaminating tryptophan supplements which many people in the USA, Italy, Germany, and the UK took. The episode in the late 80's led to the immediate recall and subsequent ban on all tryptophan supplements in the USA. It was finally determiend that the source of the problem was a bad batch of tryptophan that was manufactured in Japan. The bacterial strain used to produce the amino acid was tainted and instead produced toxins related to the benzene ring (C6H6). This is further borne out by the fact that various studies indicated that the symptoms of EMS were identical to those of CFS (33).

Chronic, intravenous drug use (IVDU) produces almost the same sicknesses defined as "AIDS" which match the other conditions just discussed (33a). While many drugs have not been studied for their chemical contents and effects on the body, it is known that the three most implicated in immune suppression, cocaine, heroin, and crystal methamphetamine, are manufactured with coal tar derivatives like kerosene which has a high amount of benzene in it. (34)

Illicit drugs are also routinely prepared with acetone (35), a toxic substance which produces the following side effects: changes in carbohydrate metabolism, nasal effects, conjunctiva irritation, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, kidney damage, and various metabolic and biochemical changes (36).

The other recreational drug historically implicated in AIDS due to its high use among some parts of the gay community, "poppers", or amyl and butyl nitrates, may contain trace amounts of benzene in them (37). Regardless, they are potent oxidizing agents and carcinogenic. It is interesting to note that Kaposi's sarcoma seems only to affect gay men and the KS that some gay men get is quite different from classical KS. In classic KS, the skin lesions appear on the lower parts of the body and the tumors are pretty benign and permanent. In gay men who have the condition, the lesions show up all over the body, appear and disappear, and, when present in the lungs, are lethal. It should be obvious that the "KS" some gay men suffer from is not the KS documented in the earlier medical literature. The "gay KS" is, it appears, toxin induced just as the skin lesions of the other conditions just discussed were. In keeping with the cumulative effect of benzene and its derivatives, it takes a few years of nitrite use for "KS" to develop (38).

Proof that benzene is causing the "KS" lesions is seen in their successful treatment with a substance called DNCB, a photographic developing agent which contains small amounts of benzene. In demonstration of the homeopathic Law of Similars, the minute amounts of benzene in DNCB stimulate an immune response against the toxin within the body, normalize and increase CD4/ CD8 counts (39), and resolve the lesions. The other successful treatment for the skin lesions is estrogen therapy, developed and discovered by Project AIDS International in Los Angeles. For some unknown reason, estrogen helps to inhibit and protect the body from benzene and its effects (40).

And what of benzoic acid (C7H6O2)? Way back in 1906 Harvey Wiley, the founder of the FDA, conducted experiments on people (with permission) trying to determine the harmful effects, if any, of this compound on humans. At the time, a major food company wanted to add the chemical to various canned products to insure food color and freshness and Dr. Wiley was concerned about possible adverse effects. Upon repeated introduction of small, concentrated amounts of benzoate into his test subjects several adverse side effects were noted after three weeks: night sweats, fever, muscle loss, anorexia, lymph swelling, etc.. The same symtoms of AIDS, TOS, SMON, CFS, illicit drug use, and other benzene-induced conditions.

Dr. Wiley testified before congress that the use of benzoic acid, boric acid, salicylates, and cinnamic aldehyde (found in "hot" lubricants) would be disastrous and even succeeded in banning them for a few years. Unfortunately, due to economic and political pressures from food and petrochemical companies, Dr. Wiley was overruled and expelled from the very organization he founded (41).

Of particular interest here is Dr. Wiley's ominous prediction in his book that serious epidemics arising from the use of these chemicals would occur in the future. Today, we have benzoic acid (or sodium benzoate, benzoate of soda, methylparaben, propylparaben, or paraben) added to all sorts of foods and drinks as a preservative. It is also found in another product almost exclusively used by the gay community: lubricants.

The Beginning of the End

While it is true that the first cases of AIDS, called GRID back then, were reported to the CDC in 1981 by Dr. Michael Gottlieb, the first cases of KS and AIDS were seen in the gay community beginning in 1978 (42) and the mysterious new disease seemed to only strike two groups of people: bottoms (passive in anal intercourse), and "fistees" (those who liked to be fisted, or have someone's fist and arm anally inserted into them) (43). Exclusive tops were not affected, unless they were heavy drug users. Those with a preference for oral sex, giving or receiving, may have gotten other venereal ailments, but they did not catch the new disease. What was it that bottoms and fistees had in common, besides poppers to relax the smooth muscles of the anus? Lubricant and lots of it if they were promiscuous.

Were new lubricants introduced to the gay community in 1978? Previously, gay men had used KY jelly, Crisco, or baby oil for anal sex but in 1978 there were new lubricants introduced and heavily marketed to the gay community, viz., Lube and Performance, as advertisements in back issues of gay periodicals show. As a matter of fact, 1978 marked the dawn of "special" lubricants, both "hot" and regular, formulated for and used by gay men. They were all oil-based and contained very high amounts of acetone and benzoic acid in them (44). The oils were, like the bad olive oil in Madrid, "denatured." Curiously, as these lubricants became available to gay men in other countries, via mail order, AIDS began to appear in those places. There were a few instances where gay men from other countries developed AIDS-like symptoms before the lubricants went overseas, but in each of these instances, the victims had spent time in the United States just before returning to their native ascountries, suggesting exposure to the toxin while in the U.S.A. (45)

Effects of Benzene on the Body

How did these dangerous chemicals find their way into the first AIDS patients? Rectal absorption is estimated at being eight times more efficient and direct than oral for rectally absorbed items bypass the digestive tract and are directly absorbed via the mucous membranes into the bloodstream.

As readers of this paper may know, lubricants are quite popular with the gay community and are not, in general, used by heterosexuals. Certainly the first "gay" lubricants were not used by straight people, hence the "gayness" and "maleness" of AIDS. While there has been a trend away from oil based lubricants, the water based ones have benzoic acid in them, albeit in much smaller amounts than their oil-based cousins. Benzoic acid goes under the names of methylparaben and propylparaben and is just as toxic now as it was when Dr. Wiley experimented on it almost 100 years ago.

Constituents of Lubricants

Lubricants are, in fact, chock full of toxic chemicals. The following is a brief listing of ingredients commonly found in sexual lubricants and the data on them are from two basic toxicological guides, The Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference (HC) and The Handbook of Poisoning (HOP). When reading the following, the reader is urged to remember that rectal absorption is eight times more efficient than oral.

Chemical & its Toxicity Profile/Bodily Reactions

Granted, high doses may be required to produce the effects listed for some of these compounds but some, like mineral oil and petrolatum, are used in high doses in lubricants already. Beyond that, what are the effects of chronic, but low, exposure over time? How much overtime does the immune system have to work to remove these unnatural substances from the body, if they can be removed at all?

Their Excuse?

Project AIDS International, a medical research organization located in Los Angeles, California, contacted some of the lubricant companies with this information, and also lodged a complaint with the FDA, and were rebuffed. Apparently, the excuse is that NO lubricant is labelled in such a way as to imply rectal or anal placement; all the labels say something like "For external use only." This is done to avoid extensive testing of the product as a food substance by the FDA and to, effectively, circumvent the law. Since no insertion is implied or stated, the companies cannot be held responsible or liable for someone going ahead and doing so. You can't be responsible if someone uses your product in a way you didn't tell them to. (46)

Until they change, vegetable glycerine mixed with water makes a safe, natural lubricant. One can also make a natural lubricant by heating 4 teaspoons of corn starch with 1 cup of water. Keep stirring. Eventually, a slick gel will form. Refrigerate the mixture until ready for use. The only lubricant on the market that appears to be safe for use is called Probe, which contains few ingredients, no benzoates, and uses citrus seed extract as a preservative.

Suggested Guidelines

An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure: don't use lubricants or lubricated condoms. The oil based ones have a much higher content of toxins in them than the water based ones. Additionally, as studies done by Project AIDS International show, lubricated condoms are routinely coated with talc and silicon, both carcinogenic and immunosuppressive substances when introduced into the body.

Denatured oils oxidize in the body and produce free radicals which are known to harm the cellular systems of the body. (47) Further, benzene appears to kill by decimating the blood bone marrow and by burning out the endocrine system by causing hyperproduction of various hormones, especially cortisone and cortisol (48). The hormonal blowout occurs as a result of the severe inflammatory response that benzene generates from the body. It is almost as if the entire aging process is speeded up a hundred-fold and a person lives a lifetime in a few years. As most clinicians who dealt with early persons with AIDS know, those that died died horrible deaths due to immune system destruction caused by anemia and leukocytopenia and looked like shriveled old men when they passed.

As for dietary guidelines, avoid any food product that says the following: diet, fat free, salt free, decaffinated, defatted, "lite," polyunsaturated, or imitation as these "foods" are denatured foods. Avoid cooking foods over charcoal as this produces benzopyrenes. Food is supposed to have fat in it and solvents must be used to extract fat from these foods by the manufacturers.

In terms of treatment, it is difficult to make blanket recommendations since each person is different but, in general, if it can be determined that the person's "AIDS" is caused by benzene poisoning (the Caffeine Enzyme Saliva test should be employed here), treatment should mimic successful protocols for the other bezene-induced conditions discussed before. Toxic Oil Syndrome, EMS, and SMON, for example, were successfully resolved with a purification diet, along with vitamin and mineral supplementation (49) provided, of course, that the damage wrought by the benzene was not so extensive as to have completely shut down the body's endocrine and bone marrow systems. While it is always possible to halt benzene's march of destruction in the body, it is quite difficult to reverse what damage has already occured.

Natural therapies should focus on detoxifying the body and building up the blood bone marrow, glandular, hepatic, and digestive systems, which will have a beneficial effect on the immune system. Garlic, yellow dock, and alfalfa supplements are recommended, for example, as well as ginseng, for their alterative qualities and tonic effects on these systems (50). High doses of vitamins C, E, and A , as well as the mineral selenium, are recommended for their antioxidant effects (51), as well as a solid antioxidant formula like New Life from Sophista-Care. In severe cases, Project AIDS International recommends chelation therapy with vitamin/mineral supplementation (52).

Systemic candidiasis, if present, must be dealt with quickly due to its ability to exhaust the immune and adrenal systems with allergic reactions, increased tendency to other infections, and interference with the digestive function resulting in nutrient starvation.

Of course, immediately stop the ingestion of illicit drugs, if any, and immediately halt the consumption of AZT, sulfa compounds, or any other toxic "antiviral" HIV drug. These drugs, which do nothing but kill living cells, have been rightly termed "AIDS by prescription" by Peter Duesberg and other "AIDS dissidents."

Of equal importance is the treatment of the mind of the person who either has "AIDS" or who has been diagnosed "HIV antibody positive," and the psychological death sentence such a diagnosis engenders. It must be made clear to these individuals that (a) they can recover, and (b) HIV is irrelevant to AIDS and, in all probability, does not even exist (53). If a person believes in their heart that there is no hope, then there is none. Effective mental imaging techniques like neurolinguistic programming would be of immense help here.

Stephen C. Byrnes Ph.D., D.N.T. is a Natural Therapist and Nutritionist in Honolulu, HI. He is the author of Overcoming AIDS with Natural Medicine, available from http://naturalhawaii.com/centaur.htm or www.1stbooks.com, as well as several articles and papers which have appeared in Health Freedom News, Vitality, Natural Health Reader, and Common Ground. See also http://www.naturalhawaii.com/byrnes.htm

This paper is indebted to original research done by Project AIDS International, 8033 Sunset Blvd., Ste. 2640, Los Angeles, CA. 90046. Questions on this paper can be directed to them at (213) 660-3381 or to the author.

References

1. This paper will not touch on "African AIDS" which is an epidemic of malnutrition and draught.

2. Duesberg, Peter. "Can Epidemiology determine whether drugs or HIV cause AIDS?" AIDS Forschung 12:627-635.

3. Root-Bernstein, Robert. "Do we know the cause of AIDS?" Perspect. Biol. Med. 33:480-500.

4. Jeremy Selvey, Project AIDS International, personal communication.

5. Coulter, Harrison. AIDS and Syphilis: The Hidden Link. Berkley; 1987.

6. The publishers of the gay newspaper The New York Native.

7. Clark, Hulda. The Cure for HIV and AIDS. San Diego; 1993.

8. Duesberg, Peter and Yiamouannis, John. AIDS. Health Action Press; 1995. Ch. 15.

9. It was found that the symptoms of tertiary syphillis, most similar to AIDS, were caused by long term arsenic treatments and not by the syphilis bacteria.

10. Duesberg. AIDS. Pp. 92-114.

11. Pollach, S., et. al.."Impaired immune function in hemophilia patients treated exclusively with cyproprecipitate: relation to duration of treatment." Am. J. Hematol. 20:1-6.

12. Byrnes, S.C. "Overcoming AIDS With Herbs, Vitamins, and Hope" Common Ground; Toronto; Spring 1996.

13. Duesberg, AIDS., p. 48; Duesberg & Bialy, Genetica June 1995; Craddock, Mark. "HIV: Science by Press Conference," Genetica June 1995; Eleopuls, Turner, Papadimitriou, "Is HIV Really Hiding in the Lymph Nodes?" Reappraising AIDS, Spring 1994; Wolthers, KC, et. al., "Telomere Length in HIV-1 Infection," Science vol 724, no. 5292, pp. 1543-1547.

14. These cases of HIV-free AIDS are called ICL by the Centers for Disease Control. See also Farber, C., "The Gray Zone: AIDS Without HIV," Spin, 10/96.

15. Selvey, Jeremy. The Secrets Behind HIV & AIDS. Los Angeles; CA. 1996. p. 64.

16. For example, gay men typically get Kaposi's sarcoma, wasting, and pneumocystis pneumonia; drug addicts typically get TB and pneumonia, and hemophiliacs typically get pneumonia and candidiasis.

17. Duesberg, AIDS. Pp. 11-12

18. Graham, John. In Search of Safety. Harvard University Press; 1988. p. 102.

19. Ibid, pp. 115-130.

20. Ibid, pp. 148.

21. Lewis, Richard. Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference. 1993; Van Nostrand Reinhold. Pp. 123-124.

22. Dreisbach, Robert. Handbook of Poisoning. Los Altos; 1983. P. 615, 603, 410.

23. Selvey, op. cit., p. 65; C6H6: The Common Link, Project AIDS International, 1996.

24. Ibid

25. Ibid, p. 65.

26. Wood, G.M., et. al. J. Agric. Food Chem.. 1994; 42: 2525-2530; Silver, M.L. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 66:1947.

27. Yoshida, S.H., et. al. Regulatory Toxico. and Pharm.. 1994; 19: 60-79.

28. Selvey, op. cit., p. 65.

29. "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," Alternative Medicine. (1993; Future Medicine Publishing)

30. Miller, A. "Perrier Loses Its Fizz: Benzene Contamination," Newsweek, 2/26/90, pp. 115,153.

31. Neelam, B. Pharmacol. and Toxicol.. March, 1994; 59-65.

32. Smith, R.. Annals of NY Acad. of Sci.; 1984; 437:595.

33. A- Priori, R., Euro. J. Pediat., vol. 153, #5; 1994, pp. 344-346; Leslie, A.. et. al., Jnl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 10/3/90, vol. 264, no. 13.

    B- See Duesberg's Inventing the AIDS Virus (Regnery; 1996) for a thorough discussion, with full references, of the immunosuppressive effects of chronic drug consumption.

34. Selvey, op. cit. p. 70

35. Lewis, op. cit. p. 11.

36. Ibid.

37. Clark, op. cit., p. 35.

38. Duesberg, P. "How Much Longer Can We Afford the AIDS Virus Monopoly?" Genetica;June 1995; Haverkos, H. & Drotman, P. Nitrite Inhalants: NIDA Technical Review; 1995.

39. Knight, Gareth. "DNCB", Continuum, Sept./Oct. 1996.

40. Selvey, op. cit., p. 71 & personal communication.

41. Wiley, Harvey. A History of a Crime Against the Food Law. Self published; 1929. See also The Legacy of Dr. Wiley by Maurice Natenberg; 1957. These books are on display in the offices of the FDA.

42. Selvey, op. cit. pp. 10, 62-63.

43. Ibid

44. Ibid, p. 70

45. Ibid, pp. 63-64. See also J. Gerstoft, et. al. Antibiot. Chemother. 1984; 32:127-137.

46. Selvey, personal communication.

47. Burton Goldberg Group. Alternative Medicine. Washington; 1994. P. 182.

48. Parillo, J.E., et. al.. Amer. Rev. of Pharm. and Toxic.; 1979; 19:279-301; Haynes, F.C., et. al.. Jnl. Clin. Invest.; 1978; 61:125-135.

49. Selvey, op. cit. p. 72; see also previous studies cited on EMS, TOS, and SMON.

50. Jackson, M. and Teague, T. The Handbook of Alternatives to Chemical Medicine. Berkley; 1989. p. 13.

51. The Burton Goldberg Group. Alternative Medicine. 1994; WA.. P. 182.

52. Selvey, op. cit. p. 72.

53. Eleopulos, E., Turner, V., Papdimitriou, J., Causer, D.. "The Isolation of HIV: Has It Really Been Achieved? The Case Against," Continuum vol. 4, #3, 1996, Supplemental Insert; Lanka, Stefan. "HIV: Reality or Artifact?" Continuum, Jan/Feb. 1996; "Collective Fallacy: Rethinking HIV," Continuum, vol. 4, #3, 1996, pp. 19-21.