Claims of new drug treatments reducing AIDS are questioned due to lack of scientific evidence. Reports of success are based on incomplete studies.
Summary
The content is a critical analysis of the effectiveness and claims surrounding protease inhibitors, a type of drug used in the treatment of AIDS. The author argues that the success of these drugs is based on incomplete studies sponsored by the drug manufacturers themselves, and that the evidence for their effectiveness is lacking. The author also criticizes the media and AIDS organizations for promoting these drugs without sufficient scrutiny. The content highlights the need for independent research to determine the true benefits of protease inhibitors.
Meta Tag
Protease Inhibitors
AIDS
Drug Treatments
Survival Rates
Side Effects
Surrogate Marker
Viral Load
AZT
Incomplete Studies
Drug Advertisements
Health Benefits
Independent Research
Featured Image
Featured Image Alt Tag
Keyword of the image
By Christine Maggiore This is a chapter from the book What if everything you thought about AIDS was wrong? http://www.aliveandwell.org
AIDS Drug Facts & Myths
Government officials, AIDS organizations and the media unanimously agree that the recent decline in AIDS cases and deaths is an unprecedented occurrence due to a new combination of drugs that include protease inhibitors, chemicals said to block the replication of HIV. However, a careful look behind the headlines reveals that there is no medical evidence to support these popular claims about the protease inhibitor "combo cocktails."
The declines in AIDS deaths attributed to combination therapies actually began several years before protease inhibitor drugs became available for general use. (72) Since the first protease inhibitor received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in December of 1995, a more likely explanation for decreased deaths would be the change in the official AIDS definition adopted in 1993 which allows HIV positives with no symptoms or illness to be diagnosed with AIDS. Since 1993, more than half of all newly diagnosed AIDS cases are counted among people who are not sick. (73)
CDC data also show that decreases in AIDS cases commonly ascribed to "AIDS cocktails" preceded the introduction of the new drug treatments by three full years. According to the CDC's HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, AIDS diagnoses peaked in the third quarter of 1991, increased once in the first quarter of 1993 as a result of the 1993 expanded AIDS definition, and have dropped each year since. (75)
News stories of AIDS patients who rise from their death beds to run marathons after taking the drug cocktails, are just that -- stories. In science, such unverified accounts are dismissed as anecdotal, a term that comes from the Greek word anekdotos, meaning unpublished. None of the anecdotal tales of recoveries attributed to new drug combinations have been substantiated by controlled studies published in peer-reviewed medical journals, a fact acknowledged in the fine print of pharmaceutical advertisements:
"At this time there is no evidence that Ziagen will help you live longer or have fewer of the medical problems associated with HIV or AIDS."
"It is not yet known whether Crixivan will extend your life or reduce your chances of getting other illnesses associated with HIV."
"At present, there are no results from controlled clinical trials evaluating the effects of Viramune [on] the incidence of opportunistic infections or survival."
"There have been no clinical trials conducted with Combivir." (76)
Incomplete and inconclusive data from one 1997 study are used to claim that mortality rates are lower among HIV positives treated with protease inhibitors. (77) This particular trial was prematurely terminated before statistically significant results could be obtained, and no placebo control comparing unmedicated HIV positives was used, no recurrent AIDS-defining illnesses that appeared among participants were recorded (except recurrent pneumonia), and the results mentioned in the final report are for only a small fraction of the patients enrolled in the study. (78) Current pharmaceutical ads use this study to declare that their new drugs are "proven to help people with HIV live longer, healthier lives" while simultaneously admitting that "because the study ended early, there was insufficient data to determine [the drug's] statistical impact on survival." (79)
While there is no evidence that cocktail therapies produce clinical health benefits, well-documented side effects include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, oral lesions, abdominal pain, severe fatigue, sexual dysfunction, general ill feeling, skin rashes, a hypersensitivity reaction that can result in sudden death, nervous system damage, enlarged liver, liver failure, kidney stones, kidney sludge, physical deformities including hunchbacks, sunken cheeks, and "stick-like limbs," diabetes, heart disease, "unmasking" of various opportunistic infections including CMV retinitis (a viral infection which can lead to blindness), and spontaneous bleeding in hemophiliacs. (80)
Media reports attributing declines in AIDS to protease inhibitor cocktails often neglect to mention the high rate of drug failure or the considerable number of HIV positives who either quit the new combinations because of intolerable side effects or have never taken them at all. Recent studies place drug failure rates at 50% while others note that as many as 40% of participants drop out of protease inhibitor drug trials due to adverse effects, and as AIDS expert Dr. James Curran laments, "fewer than 10% of US AIDS patients have access to and are on the new wonder drugs." (81) For more information on the chemotherapy/protease inhibitor drug combinations known as HAART, please see A Sobering Report on AIDS Cocktails and What's Up with Viral Load? on pages 32 and 36.
AZT: A Drug in Search of a Disease
AZT is not a new drug. It was not created for the treatment of AIDS and is not an antiviral. AZT is a chemical compound that was developed -- and abandoned -- over 30 years ago as a potential chemotherapy treatment for cancer. (108) Prior to the first AIDS drug trials in 1986, AZT had never been administered to human beings.
Chemotherapy works by killing all growing cells in the body. Many cancer patients do not survive chemotherapy due to its destructive effects on the immune system and intestines. Because of the damage it causes, chemotherapy is never used as a prevention for cancer, and is only administered for very limited amounts of time.
This label has appeared on bottles containing as little as 25 milligrams, a small fraction (1/20 to 1/60) of a patient's daily prescribed dose of 500 to 1,500 mg. (109)
Since cancer is a condition of persistently growing cells, AZT was designed to prevent the formation of new cells by blocking development of DNA chains. In 1964, experiments with AZT on mice with cancer showed that AZT was so effective in destroying healthy growing cells that the mice died of extreme toxicity. (110) As a result, AZT was shelved and no patent was ever filed. Twenty years later, the pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome (now Glaxo-Wellcome) began a campaign to remarket AZT as an anti-HIV drug based on the idea that AZT would block the formation of HIV DNA chains. Glaxo-Wellcome won FDA approval for AZT as an AIDS treatment after one highly flawed study of only four months duration. (111)
Approval of this extremely toxic chemotherapy for use by AIDS patients was based on information that suggested AZT raised levels of T cells and therefore delayed the onset of AIDS indicator diseases. The rise noted in T cells was interpreted as evidence that AZT eradicated HIV in T cells, a concept for which there is no scientific proof. Although the study was halted before any long-term effects of AZT were known, proponents established that standard treatment with AZT should be continuous and lifelong.
A multitude of independent studies conducted before and after FDA approval, including the Concorde study -- the largest (1,749 subjects) and longest (three years in duration) study on AZT -- determined that AZT increases T cell counts only moderately and briefly without improving health and that it does not delay onset of AIDS indicator diseases. (112)
The brief rise in T cells noted when AZT use is initiated is due to the toxic nature of the drug and to the blood system's response to the destruction of bone marrow. (113) As AZT destroys bone marrow, the blood system attempts to correct this depletion by overproducing T cells, often creating more new T cells than the number found in a patient's blood prior to beginning treatment. But as the source of these new T cells -- the bone marrow -- is killed off by AZT, the level of T cells drops lower, ultimately causing complete destruction of the immune system. Individual tolerance to, and absorption of AZT determine length of survival on this toxic compound.
Following recommendations for "early intervention," one-third to one-half of HIV positives who develop AIDS do so only after taking AZT. Independent studies have shown that AZT actually accelerates clinical decline and decreases quality of life, at times even causing death before any AIDS-defining illnesses appear -- an occurrence officially described as "death without any preceding AIDS-defining event." (114)
The concept of "HIV mutation" has become a popular explanation for the fall in T cells observed in patients treated with AZT. Promoters of the mutation hypothesis assert that the positive effects of AZT are diminished by mutant strains of HIV that become resistant to the drug. There is, however, no scientific evidence to substantiate their claim.
In addition to destroying T cells, B cells and the red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body, AZT and other nucleoside analog drugs destroy the kidneys, liver, intestines, muscle tissue, and the central nervous system. Nucleoside analog drugs also interfere with the activities of mitochondria, the subcellular particles that are the energy factories of every living cell in the body. Mitochondria contain their own DNA which makes them vulnerable to the effects of nucleoside analogs.
Epivir (3TC), Zerit (D4T), Hivid (ddC) and Videx (ddI) are all nucleoside analog drugs prescribed to HIV positives as "antivirals." All are modeled after AZT, and all work in the same manner.
Defined Terms
Granulocytopenia: Loss or reduction of the number of granulocytes, a group of white blood cells that fight infection. These white blood cells contain a variety of enzymes used to destroy infectious agents.
Pancytopenia: Generalized loss or reduction of white blood cells.
B cells: One of two principle types of lymphocytes (white blood cells). B cells are transformed into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulins or antibodies that destroy invading microorganisms. The protective effect of immunoglobulins is called humoral immunity.
Nucleoside analog: A synthetic compound similar to one of the components of DNA or RNA. Nucleoside analogs such as AZT act as artificial caps to DNA chains which prevent real DNA units from being added. For this reason these drugs are often referred to as DNA chain terminators.
A Sobering Report on Protease Inhibitors and "Combo Cocktails"
Protease inhibitors are a new class of AIDS drugs used in conjunction with older chemotherapy compounds such as AZT and ddI. The mixture of these treatments is called a "combination cocktail" or "highly active antiretroviral therapy" (HAART). The formula is usually two parts nucleoside analog to one part protease inhibitor. According to popular belief, this mix brings new power to the old chemotherapies, and achieves what press reports and AIDS groups characterize as unprecedented and amazing results.
Approved after the fastest and most lenient review process in FDA history and immediately hailed as miraculous by mainstream media, the clinical benefits of protease inhibitor drugs remain unproved. More than four years after being released for use, there are still no reports in scientific journals that provide evidence of health improvement in patients taking these powerful drugs.
Claims of victory for protease inhibitors are based entirely on changes in surrogate markers, laboratory measurements of unsubstantiated accuracy and value in assessing actual health. In the only published report alleging higher survival rates for patients treated with protease inhibitors, the study used no unmedicated placebo controls, did not allow reporting of any recurrent AIDS-defining events except pneumonia, included no patient data, cited outcomes for less than 10% of overall participants, and was prematurely terminated after an average follow-up of 38 weeks when emerging mortality statistics favored the protease inhibitor treated patients.115 The survival outcomes between the two groups1.4% mortality among those on the new drugs, 3.1% for the old drugs have no statistical significance, a fact that forces the drug advertisements to admit "because the study was ended early, there was insufficient data to determine the statistical impact of Crixivan on survival."117
One National Institutes of Health study of protease inhibitors, ACTG315, is portrayed as a success even though its conclusions are drawn from a trial of only 12 weeks.118 Dr. Michael Lederman, protocol chairman and author of ACTG 315 acknowledged that the study was never designed to consider a patient's health. Instead, results were determined by changes in the surrogate marker of "viral load," a test that does not diagnose illness, quantify active virus or measure health.
The absence of data on long-term effects of protease inhibitors has not prevented orthodox AIDS organizations who promote or provide the drugs from becoming uncritical advocates. Following the lead of the media, their focus has been on securing widespread access to the treatments rather than on examining evidence to insure they are safe and effective. AIDS doctors have also overlooked the remarkable lack of documentation in favor of the options for treatment offered by protease inhibitors. And while boldface headlines continue to assign lifesaving properties to these drugs, the tiny type in pharmaceutical ads, the ever-growing list of side effects, and the increasing number of unsuccessful experiences ranging from physical deformities to sudden death tell an entirely different story.
Protease inhibitors are assumed to work by disrupting an enzymatic link in the reproduction of HIV. Enzymes are proteins that join together or cut apart other molecules. Like all retroviruses, HIV has three enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease which cut proteins apart, an essential step in the reproductive process of a retrovirus. Protease inhibitors block proteases by acting as dysfunctional molecules that take the place of functional ones and inhibit the cutting apart of proteins. All retroviral enzymes are similar to various human enzymes and there are numerous human proteases, including ones required for digestion of food.
Protease inhibitors are like nucleoside analog drugs such as AZT in that they produce dysfunctional substitutes that interrupt or prevent normal processes of enzymes. While manufacturers of protease inhibitors claim that the drugs specifically target HIV protease, the growing list of side effects contradicts their assertions. Nucleoside analogs such as AZT, once promoted as specifically targeting HIV, have been shown to block the construction of vital human DNA as effectively as they block the formation of HIV DNA. It is now known that AZT, ddI and other nucleoside analogs block the DNA inside mitochondria, the subcellar particles that produce the energy required for the life of all cells.
The necessity for lifelong therapy with protease inhibitor cocktails is described as absolute, although drug manufacturers clearly state that "the long-term effects of protease inhibitors are unknown." The need for rigorous compliance with combo therapy is a popular subject of news reports and AIDS organization seminars. Patients are required to pop as many as 30 pills a day on a 24 hour schedule some taken with food, others on an empty stomach, many that cannot be taken together and warned that without strict adherence to the dosages and times, their virus will mutate into new, drug resistant strains.
According to Dr. David Rasnick, a protease expert working outside the AIDS system, the theory of resistant HIV protease is completely unfounded. Rasnick, a pioneer in the development of protease inhibitors points out, "no one has ever published data on a resistant HIV protease found in any patient. The only inhibitor-resistant HIV proteases ever examined have been produced in the lab using genetic engineering."119
Nevertheless, warnings about drug-resistant HIV proteases are emphasized in media reports that also speculate about new epidemics that will arise when unstoppable forms of HIV are introduced into the population. As announced by AIDS researcher Dr. Bruce Walker on a recent segment of ABC News' Nightline, "That's going to be the next epidemic that we're dealing with, the transmission of drug resistant HIV viruses."120 Such reports reinforce the notion that no matter how unbearable the side effects, a patient who quits the drugs becomes a public health menace. This science-fiction scenario has even inspired some health officials and legislators to consider mandatory treatment laws for HIV positives.121
Perhaps the greatest achievement of protease inhibitors is the new life they have given to AIDS advertising campaigns. An epidemic of posters, billboards, and full-page magazine ads urge HIV positives to "be smart about HIV" by "hitting early and hard" with medicines "proven to help people live longer, healthier lives."122 However, many staunch supporters of AIDS pharmaceuticals are less certain. Top AIDS scientist Dr. Anthony Fauci expressed serious reservations about the use of protease inhibitors by "otherwise healthy people" in a recent article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, "We do not know whether early intervention in asymptomatic individuals will result in a long-term clinical benefit or whether the cumulative toxicity over years of drug administration will outweigh the potential benefits."123 Even Dr. Robert Gallo has warned that "these drugs are toxic...the longer you take the drugs, the greater the toxicity."124 Dr. Jay Levy, another mainstream AIDS specialist, maintains that "these drugs can be toxic and can be directly detrimental to a natural immune response to HIV."125
A careful examination of the small print in protease inhibitor ads puts the promises made by smiling models into perspective: "Since Crixivan has been marketed, other side effects have been reported including rapid breakdown of red blood cells, kidney stones and kidney failure. In some patients with hemophilia, increased bleeding has been associated with protease inhibitor use."126 Pre-marketing side effects like diarrhea, nausea, fungal infections, bloody urine, weakness, headaches and liver inflammation were all but ignored by AIDS activists who pressured the FDA for fast-track approval.127 The list of post-marketing side effects continues to grow and contradicts earlier reports on the cocktails that proclaimed, "It's unbelievable. There's no toxicity. It's a home run!"128
Documented adverse reactions presently include CMV retinitis (a viral infection that often results in blindness), diabetes, liver failure, physical deformities, renal failure, kidney sludge, skin rashes, severe exhaustion, loss of appetite, pancreatitis, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, muscle and joint pain, neuropathy, sexual dysfunction, fever, chills, dizziness, abdominal pain, depression, sleep disorders, and sudden death.129
Other than anecdotal tales of miraculous recoveries trumpeted in the press, the lower levels of "viral load" found in some patients taking protease cocktails seem to be the only and highly questionable result of these treatments. But even "undetectable" viral loads are not an unprecedented occurrence in HIV treatment. AZT has lowered those levels for many years without resolving AIDS. A POZ magazine article recalls that "in the European Delta study, fully 40% of participants became 'undetectable' [for viral load] on AZT/ddI; another 5% did so on AZT alone. We have been reducing viral load to undetectable levels for a decade. But if becoming 'undetectable' on nucleoside combos hasn't prevented progression to disease and death, why is 'undetectable' on protease combinations impervious to failure except for the fact that we haven't followed patients long enough to see it?"130
Although the media credits "AIDS cocktails" with recent decreases in AIDS cases and deaths, CDC surveillance reports clearly show that AIDS cases and mortalities have been steadily declining since 1993 almost three years before the cocktails were approved for use.131 Some experts like David Rasnick attribute the drop in AIDS deaths that began in 1993 to the fact that over half of all AIDS cases reported since that year are among people who test HIV positive but have no illness or symptoms.132 The same reports show that AIDS cases had leveled off in 1991 and increased only once since, in the first quarter of 1993 when more conditions and illness were added to the definition of AIDS.
For some, the chorus of enthusiastic press reports about protease inhibitors recalls the release of AZT twelve years ago. "Once again, all we have are researchers talking to reporters about incomplete studies that haven't been scrutinized by the scientific review process," remarks Dr. Rasnick. "And the researchers involved are funded by the companies that make the drugs in question. There is no justification for the claims coming from these sources, particularly when we've seen it all before."133
Declarations of success and improved survivability for AZT were based on abbreviated trials of less than six months duration that were sponsored by the drug's manufacturer who selected for publication only those trials with seemingly favorable outcomes. Success was measured by the surrogate marker of that day, increased T cell counts, which have proved to be a temporary phenomenon at best and of questionable clinical value. As with AZT, the elation unleashed over protease inhibitors is based on unpublished manufacturers' studies so brief they are usually measured in weeks rather than months, and on the surrogate marker of reduced "viral load," a measurement that has not been correlated with actual health benefits. While the media persists with stories of the miraculous achievements of protease inhibitors making believers out of the concerned public and desperate AIDS patients, only time and independent research will reveal the truth about the latest "great hope" in the war on AIDS.
Defined Terms
Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas; chronic pancreatitis often causes diabetes.
Neuropathy: Any disease or disorder of the nervous system.
Surrogate Marker: A laboratory test result that takes the place of or substitutes for a clinical indication or diagnosis.
References
All referenced text is excerpted from the 4th edition (second printing) of the book What If Everything You Thought You Knew About AIDS Was Wrong? and wherever possible, has been updated for this web site.
In the United States, AIDS = 28 old illnesses and one non-illness: 1983 original AIDS definition (12 illnesses): Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, toxoplasmosis, strongyloidosis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, lymphoma of the brain 1985 revised definition (seven more old illnesses added): Mycobacterium avium complex, histoplasmosis, isosporiasis, Burkitt's lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, candidiasis of the bronchi, trachea and lungs, and a positive HIV antibody test. 1987 revised definition (six additional illnesses): Encephalopathy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, wasting syndrome, coccidioidomycosis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, Salmonella septicemia. HIV antibody test no longer required. 1993 revised definition (three more illnesses plus one surrogate marker): Recurrent bacterial pneumonia, invasive cervical cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, T Cell count of <200 or <14% of total lymphocytes (non-illness). Source: Duesberg P, Yiamouyannis J, 1995 AIDS: The Good News Is HIV Doesn't Cause It Health Action Press
US Centers for Disease Control 1994 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1993
Navarro M AIDS Definition Widened to Include Blood Cell Count August 8 1993 New York Times; Altman L AIDS Cases Increase Among Heterosexuals March 11 1994 New York Times
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993
US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1997 Table11 p17
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998 p43
Duesberg P 1993 The HIV Gap in National Statistics Bio/Technology 11:955-6
Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, 1998 HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31, 1997; US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998
US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1997 Figure 6 p25; US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998
World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (current use confirmed by WHO April 1999); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents, Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994; 69:273-80 (current use confirmed by WHO April 1999)
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus: Regnery Press, Washington DC p141-145
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus: Regnery Press, Washington DC p54-58
Carins J 1978 Cancer: Science and Society WH Freeman and Company, San Francisco
Duesberg P, Rasnick D 1998 The AIDS Dilemma: Drug Diseases Blamed on a Passenger Virus Genetica 104:85-132; Mullis K 1998 Dancing Naked in the Mindfield Pantheon Books, New York p171-190; Shenton J 1998 Positively False St Martin's Press, New York p6-17
Mullis K 1988 Dancing Naked in the Mindfield Pantheon Books, New York p 178; Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 89-96
Altman L New York Times, April 23 1984
Altman L Researchers Believe AIDS Virus is Found New York Times, April 24 1984 (Dr. James Curran, head of the CDC's AIDS investigating team, calls discovery "the virus that causes AIDS")
Gallo found HIV in only 26 of 63 AIDS patients (41%) Source: Gallo R May 4 1984 Science Volume 224 p502
In 1983, Montagnier sent Gallo "retrovirus particles" (LAV) taken from the lymph node of a male homosexual without AIDS. Source: Science May 20 1983, Vol 220; the virus Gallo claimed to have discovered in 1984 was found to actually be Montagnier's LAV. Source: New Scientist, February 12 1987
Dingell J Misconduct in Medical Research, New England Journal of Medicine 1993 328:1610-1615; Co-Discoverer of HIV Loses Bid to Regain Job AIDS Policy and Law May 14 1999 Vol 14 No 9; Crewdson J In Gallo Case, Truth Termed a Casualty: Science Subverted in AIDS Research Chicago Tribune, January 1 1995
Baffour A Are 26 Million Africans Dying of AIDS? December 1998 New African Magazine p34-42
Duesberg P Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC; Root-Bernstein R 1993 Rethinking AIDS The Free Press, New York
Cordes R, et al 1995 Pitfalls in HIV Testing Postgraduate Medicine 98:177; Langedijk J, et al 1992 Identification of Cross-reaction Epitopes Recognized by HIV-1 False-positive Sera AIDS 6:1547-1548; Strandstrom H, et al 1990 Studies with Canine Sera that Contain Antibodies which Recognize HIV Structural Proteins Cancer Research, September 1:50(17 Suppl):56285-56305; Germanson T 1989 Screening for HIV: Can We Afford the Confusion of the False Positive Rate? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42:1235; Weiss R, et al 1988 HIV Testing is the Answer-What's the Question? New England Journal of Medicine 319:1010-1012; Burke, et al 1988 Measurement of the False Positive Rate in a Screening Program for HIV Infections New England Journal of Medicine 319(15):961-964; US News and World Report, November 23 1987 p22c; Jackson G, et al 1988 Passive Immunoneutralisation of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus in Patients with Advanced AIDS Lancet, September 17:647
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Journal Vol 11 p696-707
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Has Gallo Proven the Role of HIV in AIDS? Emergency Medicine 5:113-123
Papadopulos-Eleopulous E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Vol. 11
Strandstrom H, et al 1990 Studies with Canine Sera which Recognise HIV Structural Proteins, Cancer Research 50:5628s-5630s. Source: Testing, Testing, 1,2,3... Turner V 1996 Contiuum Vol 3:5 p8-11
Papadopolus-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Journal Vol 11 p696-701; Quantum Clinical Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA: HIV antibody test results for Christine Maggiore April 9 1992 HIV reactive, WB positive positive; March 27 1993 HIV reactive, WB indeterminate; September 1 1993 HIV non-reactive
Abbott Laboratory's ELISA HIV antibody test kit pamphlet
Continuum Vol 3:4 with thanks to Val Turner, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia; Bio/Technology June 1993 11:696-707
Roche Amplicor PCR Diagnostics HIV-1 Monitor test kit pamphlet
Curran J 1985 The Epidemiology of AIDS: Current Status and Future Prospects Science 229:1352-1357; Karon, et al 1996 Prevalence of HIV Infections in the US Journal of the American Medical Association 276:126-131; Krieger L One in 300 US Adults Infected, San Francisco Examiner July 7 1996 pA82
NBC Nightly News, March 10 1995: Robert Hager of NBC reported that the CDC was about to lower estimates they knew were too high. CDC spokesperson Michelle Bond remarked that the CDC officials were reluctant to report lower numbers for fear of adverse budgetary consequences.
All STDs except genital herpes: US Centers for Disease Control 1997, Table 1: Cases of STDs reported by state health departments in US 1941-1997, STD Surveillance p65-66. Genital herpes: Meyer T March 24 1998 Associated Press, Atlanta (Meyer quotes CDC and Dr. Charles Bell of Texas Department of Health)
US Centers for Disease Control 2003 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 2002 (Deaths in persons with AIDS, cumulative totals through December 2002)
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition states "Reported deaths are not necessarily caused by HIV-related disease"
CDC Wonder website; The New York Times, death count, all ages, all races, both genders 1981-2002
Lazarou J, et al 1998 Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients (1966-1996) Journal of the American Medical Association, 279:1200; Manmaney T Medications Kill 100,000 Annually Los Angeles Times April 15 1998; CDC Wonder website 2004
PBS 1998 The American Experience: Influenza 1918
World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiological Record November 2001 (current)
UNAIDS June 1998 Report on the Global Epidemic; World Health Organization June 1998, Weekly Epidemiological Record
CDC National Vital Statistics Report October 7 1998, Vol 47:4 Table E p7 (Deaths and death rates, final 1996 and preliminary 1997)
Geshekter C 1997 AIDS: The Leading Cause of Unjustified Hysteria, Reappraising AIDS, February Vol 5:2
Institute of Medicine (IOM) 1996 Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs; Webster K Disproportionate Funding Associated Press June 16 1999
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998
Crowne D, et al 1964 The Approval Motive John Wiley and Sons, New York; Saxe L 1991 Lying: Thoughts of an Applied Social Psychologist American Psychologist 46:409-415; Source: Brody S Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick
Brody, S 1997 Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick; 80%: Potterat, et al 1987 JAMA 256 p 12; 65%: Renzullo, et al 1990 JAIDS 3, p266-271; 83%-90%: Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences 1989; 69%: Chicago Dept of Public Health, Journal of AIDS 1997; 99.4%: NYC Dept of Health, American Journal of Epidemiology 137:2
Figures for AIDS by Risk Groups are based on cumulative figures through 1998 and do not include cases where risk status was not assessed; AIDS by Health Status are for years 1993 through 1997 using Table 11 of the 93-97 US CDC HIV/AIDS Surveillance Reports (1997 was the last year the CDC published the data in Table 11); AIDS by Gender is based on cumulative figures through 1998
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998
Burke D, et al 1990 Seroprevalence Among Applicants for US Military Service Unpublished data through 1997 from US Military Processing: For a copy of this unpublished data, send a SASE to the author
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 p26
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p183
Holding R, Carlsen W 1998 Epidemic Ravages Caregivers San Francisco Chronicle p1, A6-A8
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 Table 7 p14; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 Table 8 p15
Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, April 1998 Gonorrhea in Canada; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997, Tables 13A and 13B; Interview with LCDC Bureau of AIDS and STDs Office of Don Sutherland, September 14, 1998: Gonorrhea cases in Canada
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 Table 7 p14; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 Table 8 p15
Mok, et al 1987 Infants born to Mothers Seropositive for HIV Lancet 1164-1168; European Collaborative Study 1991 Children Born to Women with HIV 1 Lancet 337:253-260
Source: National Center for Health Statistics July 1996 703/821-8955: Cumulative SIDS deaths in children under 1 year of age 1983-1996, 1997 preliminary, 1981-1982 computed by average of years 1983-1993
Transactions of the Society of Actuaries, Vol XLIV p333-97; Boffey P April 22 1988, Researchers List Odds of Getting AIDS in Heterosexual Intercourse New York Times; Hearst N, Hulley S April 1988 Journal of the American Medical Association; Dangers Real and Imagined December 8 1997 Wall Street Journal; Discover magazine, May 1996 p82
World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current)
Harvard University Global Burden of Disease Study, 1996; World Health Organization, Geneva 1996 Fighting Disease, Fostering Development; Geshekter C Rethinking AIDS in Africa Reappraising AIDS Vol 3:2 February 1995
World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (in current use); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994 69:273-80 (confirmed April 1999 by WHO)
World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current); Harvard University Global Burden of Disease Study, 1996; World Health Organization, Geneva 1996 Fighting Disease, Fostering Development; Geshekter C Rethinking AIDS in Africa Reappraising AIDS Vol 3:2 February 1995; World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (in current use); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994 69:273-80 (confirmed April 1999 by WHO); World Health Organization World Health Report 1998 Annual cases of selected diseases
Kestler H, et al 1990 Induction of AIDS in Rhesus Monkey by Molecularly Cloned SIV Science 2448:1109-112; Kestler, et al 1991 Importance of Net Gene for Maintenance of High Virus Loads Cell 65:651-662; Fultz, et al 1990 Humoral Response to SIV/SMM Infection in Macaque and Mangabey Monkeys Journal of AIDS 3:319-329; Weiss R, et al 1985 Molecular Biology of RNA Tumor Viruses Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York; Blatner W, et al 1988 HIV Causes AIDS Science 241:514-515; Lambrou E 1994 AIDS Scare or Scam p14-15 Vantage Press, New York
Gao, et al Nature February 4 1999
World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current)
Russell R Kenya Slow to Face Up to AIDS Scourge Reuters November 25 1998
World Health Organization World Health Report 1998
World Health Organization World Health Report 1998 Annual cases of selected diseases
Journal of AIDS 1994 7:8 p876
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998; 9(2) Calculations: David Crowe, Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993 (AIDS indicator conditions reported by age group, United States)
US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6
US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6
POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Ziagen (abacavir sulfate), December 1998 MG-001; Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084; Roxanne Ad for Viramune (nevirapine) July 1999, RX-2140 (4/98); Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine) March 1999
POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir
Hammer S, et al 1997 A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues Indinavir in Persons with HIV New England Journal of Medicine 337:725-733
Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084
POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Ziagen (abacavir sulfate), December 1998 MG-001; Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084; Roxanne Ad for Viramune (nevirapine) July 1999, RX-2140 (4/98); Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine), March 1999; FDA Advisory (warning of spontaneous bleeding in 15 hemophiliacs using protease inhibitors), July 16 1996; Dube M, Johnson D, et al 1997 Protease Inhibitor Associated Hyperglycemia Lancet 350:713-4; Kotler D Truncal Obesity February 20 1998 Clinical Care Options for HIV (Monthly Experts Column); Garrett L The Virus at the End of the World Esquire March 1 1999; Lo J, et al 1998 Buffalo Hump in Men with HIV-1 Lancet March 21 1998 p867-870; Miller KD, et al Visceral Abdominal Fat Accumulation Associated with Use of Indinavir p871-875; Kim L FDA Approves Another Protease Inhibitor The Atlanta Journal and Constitution April 17 1999 p2E; Mickleburgh R, Study AIDS Drugs Long Term, Makers Told The Globe and Mail (Canada) May 4 1999; Colebunders E, et al Sexual Dysfunction with Protease Inhibitors Lancet 353 May 22 1999; Waldholz M, Tanouye E Cocktail Break Wall Street Journal January 25 1999
James Curran on CNN, August 23 1998 8:00 pm EST
Altman L New Cases Widen Views About AIDS New York Times January 5 1984
Auberbach, et al 1984, Am J Med 76:487; Boffey P AIDS in the Future: Risk of Developing AIDS New York Times January 14 1986; JAMA 262: 3129-3130; Burkett E HIV: Not Guilty? Miami Herald December 23 1990 p12-17
Eckholm E Onset of AIDS After Transfusion Found to Lag Average of 5 Years, New York Times May 29 1986; Lambrou E 1994 AIDS: Scare or Scam? Vantage Press, New York p15; Garrett L June 1999 Blacks May Have Genetic Risk of HIV Infection, Alive & Kicking!; Waldholz M, Tanouye E Cocktail Break Wall Street Journal January 25 1999
Johnson C, Philpott P Viral Load of Crap Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:10 October 1996; Duesberg P 1995 Nature 357 p197
Rasnick D Kinetics Analysis of Consecutive HIV Proteolytic Cleavages of the Gag-Pol Polyprotein Journal of Biological Chemistry March 7 1997
Mullis K October 1998 The Medical Establishment vs. The Truth Penthouse Magazine
Rich J, et al 1999 Misdiagnosis of HIV Infection by HIV-1 Plasma Viral Load Testing: A Case Series Annals of Internal Medicine 130:37-39; Sullivan, et al Persistently Negative HIV-1 Antibody Enzyme Immunoassay Screening Results for Patients with HIV-1 Infection and AIDS AIDS January 14 1999 13:89-96
Piatak M March 19 1993 High Levels of HIV-1 in Plasma During All Stages of Infection Determined by Competitive PCR Science 259:1749-53; Roehr B Loading Zone POZ Magazine August 1999 p76
New England Journal of Medicine November 3 1994 331:18 p1176-1177
Semba R, et al 1993 Increased Mortality Associated with Vitamin A Deficiency During HIV-1 Infection Arch Intern Med 153:2149-2154
WHO/UNAIDS, 1998 HIV and Infant Feeding: A Guide for Health Care Managers and Supervisors FRH/Nut 98, 22
HealthNews Mothering magazine Summer 1997 p40; Dew J October 8 1999 Newborn HIV Tests Criticized New Haven Register
Farber C AZT Roulette: The Impossible Choices Facing HIV Positive Mothers Mothering magazine September/October 1998 Issue 90
Semba R, et al 1993 Increased Mortality Associated with Vitamin A Deficiency During HIV-1 Infection Arch Intern Med 153:2149-2154
Kumar R, et al 1994 Zidovudine Use in Pregnancy: A Report on 104 cases and Birth Defects Journal of AIDS 7(10):1034-1039
Cordes R, et al 1995 Pitfalls in HIV Testing Postgraduate Medicine 98:177; Ng V, et al Serological Diagnosis with Recombinant Peptides/Proteins Clinical Chemistry 37:1667-1668; Profitt M, et al 1993 Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection Inf Dis Clin North Am 7:203; Steckelberg J, Cockerill F 1988 Serologic Testing for HIV Antibodies Mayo Clinic Proc 63:373; Voevodi A 1992 HIV Screening in Russia Lancet 339:1548
Mothering magazine Summer 1997 Health News p40
Cleary, et al 1987 Journal of the American Medical Association 258(13):1757-62
US Centers for Disease Control Recommendations of the US Public Heath Service Task Force on the Use of Zidovudine [AZT] to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of HIV Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol 43 No RR-11 August 5 1994
Regush N No AZT For My Baby, Please http://ABCNews.com September 16 1999
Gwarteny D Baby's Risk for HIV Sparks Fight The Oregonian January 31 1999; Wright J Court Grants Delay in Baby HIV Case The Register-Guard February 5 1999
Good Morning America September 9 1998
Philpott P Maine Mother Wins Court Fight Against HIV Doctors Reappraising AIDS Vol 6 October 10 1998
Mother Wins Right to Stop HIV Drugs New York Times April 20 1999; Dateline NBC January 25, 1999; A Mother's Instinct People Magazine October 5 1998 p157-158
News Broadcast, CJOB 68 August 18 1999; PeritzI Mother Fights to Block Son's HIV Drug Therapy The Globe and Mail (Canada) August 18 1999
McKittrick A Ethical Drug Pricing: An Oxymoron? Provincetown Positive Spring 1999 p37-39
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 309-359
Physicians Desk Reference 1994 p32
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 309-359
Lauritsen J 1993 The AIDS War Askelpios, New York, FDA Documents Show Fraud in AZT Trials p381-397
Lancet 1993 343:871, Concorde Coordinating Committee; Journal of the American Medical Association 1988 203:3009; New England Journal of Medicine 1992 326:437. Source: Hand T Why Antiviral Drugs Cannot Resolve AIDS Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:9 September 1996
Source: Interview with Dr. Charles Thomas in video HIV=AIDS: Fact or Fraud? Starvision Productions (Stephen Allen, prod.) Denver CO; Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 309-359
British Medical Journal July 15 1995 p156-158 (49%); Science Magazine February 24 1995 p1080 (34%); JAMA 260:3009 1988; New England Journal of Medicine 1992, 326:437. Source: Hand T Why Antiviral Drugs Cannot Resolve AIDS Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:9 September 1996
Merck Manual 1992 16th edition p55, Merck Research Laboratories; Glaxo-Wellcome information sheet accompanying Zidovudine
Hammer S, et al 1997 A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues Indinavir in Persons with HIV New England Journal of Medicine 337:725-733
Merck ad for Crixivan A&U magazine July 1999 99-4084 910 (508) CRX
Anderson M The Big Tease Valley Advocate February 20 1997
Interview with Christine Maggiore September 1997
AIDS expert Dr. Bruce Walker on ABC News Nightline May 19 1999 11:35 PM EST
Ostrom N The New York Native July 15 1996 Issue 691
POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Ziagen (abacavir sulfate), December 1998 MG-001; Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084; Roxanne Ad for Viramune (nevirapine) July 1999, RX-2140 (4/98); Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine) March 1999
Journal of the American Medical Association July 10 1996
Johnson H Rolling Stone Magazine Special Report: Dr. David Ho and the Lazarus Equation March 6 1997
Levy J 1996 AIDS Surrogate Markers: Is There Truth in Numbers? JAMA Vol 276 p161-162
Merck ad for Crixivan A&U magazine July 1999 99-4084 910 (508) CRX
Altman L New York Times February 2 1996; Garrett L Newsday March 5 1996; The Boston Globe February 1 1999
Dr. Raymond Schinazi of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Source: Garrett L Newsday March 31 1995
Lancet June 1 1997 Vol 349 p1745; Associated Press Report, Philadelphia Inquirer June 13 1997; Anderson M The Big Tease The Valley Advocate February 20 1997; Green F Cocktail Hangover Cleveland Free Times May 5 1999 Vol 7 Issue 33; Signorile M 641,086 and Counting Out magazine September 1998
The Morning After POZ magazine February 1997
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998; 9(2) Calculations: David Crowe, Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993 (AIDS indicator conditions reported by age group, US)
Interview with Christine Maggiore September 1997
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998; 9(2) Calculations: David Crowe, Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6
Gallo R 1984 Science 224; Piatak M 1993 Science 259; Ho D 1991 New England Journal of Medicine 324:961; Shaw G 1991 New England Journal of Medicine 324:954; Cooper 1992 Lancet 341:1099
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p174-180
Bialy H, Duesberg P March 1995 Letter to Nature. Source: AIDS: Virus or Drug Induced? Duesberg P (editor) 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Ho D, et al 1995 Rapid Turnover of Plasma Virions and CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV-1 Infection Nature 373:123-126; Wei X, et al 1995 Nature 373:117-122
Kary Mullis at HEAL Los Angeles, October 25 1995
Philpott P, Johnson C 1996 Viral Load of Crap Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:10 p2
Johnson C Viral Load and the PCR Continuum Vol 4:4 November/ December 1996
CDC faxback document #320320 sent in reply to an inquiry by Christine Johnson
Roche Amplicor PCR Diagnostics HIV-1 Monitor test kit pamphlet
Defer C, et al 1992 Multicenter Quality Control of PCR Detection of HIV DNA AIDS 6:659-663; Bush, et al 1992, Journal of AIDS 5:872; Gerberding J 1994 Incidence and Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B, and CMV Among Health Care Personnel at Risk for Blood Exposure Journal of Infectious Disease 170:1410-1417; de Mendoza, et al 1998 False Positive for HIV Using Commercial Viral Load Quantification Assays AIDS 12:2076-2077; Rich J, et al 1999 Misdiagnosis of HIV Infection by HIV-1 Plasma Viral Load Testing: A Case Series, Annals of Internal Medicine 130:37-39
Schwartz D, et al 1997 Extensive Evaluation of a Seronegative Participant in an HIV-1 Vaccine Trial as a Result of False-Positive PCR, Lancet Vol 350 No 9073 p256
Rasnick D 1997 Kinetics Analysis of Consecutive HIV Proteolytic Cleavages of the Gag-Pol Polyprotein Journal of Biological Chemistry March 7 p6348-6353
Piatak M, et al 1993 Science 259:1749-53
Roderer M 1998 Getting to the HAART of T Cell Dynamics Nature Medicine Vol 4:2 p145-146; Levy J 1996 AIDS Surrogate Markers: Is There Truth in Numbers? JAMA Vol 276 p161-162
Levy J 1996 AIDS Surrogate Markers: Is There Truth in Numbers? JAMA Vol 276 p161-162
Philpott P, Johnson C 1996 Viral Load of Crap Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:10 p2
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1988 Reappraisal of AIDS: Is the Oxidation Induced by the Risk Factors the Primary Cause? Medical Hypothesis 25:151-162
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Is A Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology 11:696-707; Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1996 The Isolation of HIV: Has it Really Been Achieved? Continuum Vol 4:3 Supplement p1-24; Turner V 1996 Do HIV Antibody Tests Prove HIV Infection? Continuum 1996 Vol 3:5 p8-11; Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Stewart G, et al 1997 HIV Antibodies: Further Questions and a Plea for Clarification Current Medical Research and Opinion 13:627-634
Philpott P 1997 The Isolation Question Reappraising AIDS Vol 5:6 June/July/August
Gallo R 1984 Science 224:497-508; Piatak M 1993 Science 259:1749-1754; Piatak M 1993 Lancet 341:1099; Daar, et al 1991 New England Journal of Medicine 324[14]:961-964; Clark, et al 1991 New England Journal of Medicine 324:954-960; Cooper, et al 1992 Lancet 340:1257-1258
Nature Magazine May 26 1994
Morning Report Los Angeles Times May 16 1996 F-2
Project Inform letter to Dr. Bruce Alberts, President of the National Academy of Sciences, July 31 1997: Endorsements are for signers as of August 20 1997
Letter to Christine Maggiore from Ric Parish, PLUS Programs Manager, May 30 1997
Anderson MK 1997 Sick of It All The Valley Advocate January 15 1998
Farber C 1995 AIDS Inc.: Observations of an AIDS Dissident Provincetown Positive April/May Issue p14-18
Garrett L The Virus at the End of The World Esquire magazine March 1999
A&U America's AIDS Magazine June 1999 Issue 56
Duesberg P 1987 Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality Cancer Research 47:1199-1220
Interview with Christine Maggiore August 25 1999
Eichenwald K, Kolata G Drug Trials Hide Conflicts for Doctors New York Times May 16 1999
Smith M, Sticking Point: AIDS Vaccine Designed by Don Francis in Final Testing San Francisco Weekly July 14 1999
CNN Website Massive Trial of AIDS Vaccine to Begin in Thailand February 10 1999 8:27 pm EST
Dissecting Room Lancet Vol 353 May 15 1999 p1719
McGinley L Price of Success: Powerful Treatments Create Growing Rift Among AIDS Groups Wall Street Journal December 20 1996
Drug Money Counter Punch magazine July 1 1998
Farber C 1995 AIDS Inc.: Observations of an AIDS Dissident Provincetown Positive April/May Issue p14-18
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions through 1998
WHO website http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/social/un/2098.3ce6.html Ratios of estimated AIDS cases/reported AIDS cases for African countries with highest estimated AIDS cases: Angola 22/1; Congo 13/1; Ethiopia 55/1; Kenya 9/1; Madagascar 69/1; Mozambique 48/1; Nigeria 35/1; South Africa 33/1; Uganda 37/1; Zimbabwe 10/1. For all African countries (with available data) combined, the ratio of estimated AIDS cases to reported AIDS cases is 16/1
CDC national AIDS advertising campaign, October 1987: 38 TV commercials, 8 radio spots, 6 print ads
Bennett A, Sharpe A Health Hazard: AIDS Fight Skewed by Federal Campaign Exaggerating Risks Wall Street Journal May 1996 p1
Philpott P CDC Releases Data for 1995: What HIV/AIDS Epidemic? Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:7 July 1996
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1993 through 1998 with one exception: AIDS in teenage boys rose from 238 in 1994 to 245 in 1995
Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, 1998 HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31 1997 p1
Interview with Patty Dwyer from Until There's A Cure September 3, 1999 (800) 888-UNTIL
WHO website Ratios of estimated AIDS cases/reported AIDS cases for African countries with highest estimated AIDS cases: Angola 22/1; Congo 13/1; Ethiopia 55/1; Kenya 9/1; Madagascar 69/1; Mozambique 48/1; Nigeria 35/1; South Africa 33/1; Uganda 37/1; Zimbabwe 10/1. For all African countries (with available data) combined, the ratio of estimated AIDS cases to reported AIDS cases is 16/1
China Says HIV Cases Estimated at 400,000 April 1 1999 4:25 am EST Reuters, Bejing
Merck Manual 1899 first edition
Mendelsohn R 1984 How To Raise a Healthy Child In Spite of Your Doctor Ballentine Books, New York p13-15
The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine Random House, New York p359; Mendelsohn R 1979 Confessions of a Medical Heretic Contemporary Publishing Company, Chicago p28-29
The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine 1989 Random House, New York p 977
Kono R 1975 The SMON Virus Theory Lancet ii:370-371; Shigematsu H, et al 1975 Epidemiological Approach to SMON Japanese Journal of Medicine, Science and Biology, 28 Supplement 23-33; Soda T 1980 Drug Induced Sufferings: Medical, Pharmaceutical and Legal Aspects Excerpta Medica: Amersterdam
Marshall B Why Doctors Aren't Curing Ulcers Fortune Magazine June 9 1997
Haney D Doctors Slow to Attack Bug Behind Ulcers Los Angeles Times (API) February 11 1996
Marshall B Why Doctors Aren't Curing Ulcers Fortune Magazine June 9 1997
NIAID and NIH Report 1996 The Relationship Between HIV and AIDS p3
Giraldo R 1997 AIDS and Stressors Fundacion Arte y Cincia, Medellin; Root-Bernstein R 1993 Rethinking AIDS The Free Press, New York; Al Bayati A 1999 Get All the Facts: HIV Does Not Cause AIDS Toxi-Health, Dixon, CA
Root-Bernstein R 1993 Rethinking AIDS The Free Press, New York p220-280; Brody S 1997 Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick; Plumley P 1995 Condomania: Common Sense or Nonsense? HEAL Bulletin, HEAL New York
Willner R 1994 Deadly Deception p30 Peltec Publishing; The Merck Manual 1992 Immuno-deficiency Diseases p303 Table 19-1 Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway; Fauci A, et al 1998 Principles of Internal Medicine, Edition 14 McGraw Hill, New York
Chandra R 1983 Nutrition, Immunity and Infection Lancet i:688-69. Source: AIDS and Stressors; Merck Manual 1992 Immunodeficiency Diseases p317-318, Immunodeficiency and Malnutrition Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway; Chandra R 1975 Fetal Malnutrition and Postnatal Immunocompetence American Journal of Dis Chil 125:450-455. Source: AIDS and Stressors
Merck Manual 1992 Immunodeficiency Diseases, p304 Table 19-2 Immunosuppressive Agents Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway; Heyer A 1983 Introduction to Nutrition Keats Publishing, New Canaan p2-12; Owen B 1995 You Don't Have to Die Sick Adrenal Exhaustion p43-46 Health Hope Publishing House, Cannon Beach
The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine 1989 Random House, New York p258
Niwa Y, Yokoyama M 1981 Effect of Glucocorti-costeroid Therapy on the Immune System of Patients with Nonimmunologically Mediated Dermatose J Clin Lab Immunol 6(2):147-155; Parrillo J, Fauci A 1978 Mechanisms of Corticosteroid Action on Lymphocyte Subpopulations of Effector Cells Mediating Cellular Toxicity in Man Clin Exp Immunol 31:116-125; Fauci A. Dale D, Balow J 1976 Glucocorticosteroid Therapy: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Considerations Annals of Internal Medicine 84:304-15; Leung F, Fam A, Osoba D 1981 Kaposi's Sarcoma Complicating Corticosteroid Therapy for Temporal Arteritis The American Journal of Medicine 71(2):320-322
Merck Manual 1992 Anti-Infective Drugs: Sulfonamides p46-48 Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway; Drugs Facts and Comparisons 1999 Facts and Comparisons Publishing, St. Louis (800) 223-0554
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing The AIDS Virus Regnery Publishing, Washington DC p300
Merck Manual 1992 Anti-Infective Drugs: Sulfonamides p46-48 Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway; Drugs Facts and Comparisons 1999 Facts and Comparisons Publishing, St. Louis (800) 223-0554
Bull Mem Soc Med Hopitaux de Paris, 3rd Ser 1909, 28:958-996; Pharmacology Ther 1992 55: 201-207
Immune System Toxins Rachel's Environment and Health Weekly #536 March 6 1997; Statement on Immune Toxins #544 May 1 1997 Environmental Research Foundation, Annapolis
Hebert C, Brecher M, et al Fewer Blood Transfusions Save Lives New England Journal of Medicine February 1999; United Press International, February 10 1999; Ward, et al 1989 The Natural History of Transfusion Associated Infection With HIV New England Journal of Medicine 321:947-952
Benson H 1997 The Nocebo Effect: History and Physiology Preventive Medicine 26:612-615; Binik Y 1985 Psychosocial Predictors of Sudden Death: A Review and Critique Social Science Medicine 20(7):667-80; Cecchi R 1984 Stress: Prodrome to Immune Deficiency Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 437:286-289; Cohen S 1988 Voodoo Death, the Stress Response, and AIDS Advanced Biochem Psychopharmacology 44:95-109; Golden K Voodoo in Africa and the United States December 1977 American Journal of Psychiatry 134 (12):1425-1427; Uno H, et al 1989 Hippocampal Damage Associated with Prolonged and Fatal Stress in Primates Journal of Neuroscience 9(5):1705-1711; Milton G Self-Willed Death or the Bone Pointing Syndrome June 23 1973 Lancet 1:1435-1436
Guyton A, Hall J 1996 Textbook of Medical Physiology Sanders, New York p964-965
Cohan J Legally Speaking, Mason v Jacobs 4Front Magazine April 30 1997
Cannon W 1957 Voodoo Death Psychosomatic Medicine 19:182-190 (reprinted from American Anthropologist 44:1942); Campinha-Bacote J 1992 Voodoo Illness Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 28(1):11-17
The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine 1989 Random House, New York p798
Reuters News Service report, May 14 1998 on Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial (CAMIAT), University of Toronto, Canada
Giraldo R 1997 AIDS and Stressors Fundacion Arte y Cincia, Medellin; Root-Bernstein R 1993 Rethinking AIDS The Free Press, New York; Al Bayati A 1999 Get All the Facts: HIV Does Not Cause AIDS Toxi-Health, Dixon, CA
Jagge, et al 1983 Annals of Internal Medicine 99:145-151
Osterloh J, et al 1984 Butyl Nitrite Transformation Invitro Anal Toxicology 8:164-169; Haverkos H, et al 1985 Disease Manifestation Among Homosexual Men with AIDS Sexually Transmitted Diseases 12:203-208; Root-Bernstein R 1990 Do We Know the Cause(s) of AIDS? Pesp Biol Med 33:480-500
Krieger L Kaposi's Sarcoma, AIDS Link Questioned, San Francisco Examiner June 5 1992 pA-1,A-17; US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end reports 1993-1998
Marmor, Lancet May 15 1982 (100%); Jaffe, Annals of Internal Medicine 1983 (96%); Harverkos, STD Oct/Nov 1985 (97%); Kaslow, Journal of the American Medical Association 261:23 1989 (96%) Archibald, Epidemiology 3:203 (100%); Duesberg, Genetica, February 1995 (93%)
Yardley J, et al 1980 Immunologic Status in Patients with Giardiasis, Gastroenterology 78: 421-422; Jaffe, et al 1983 Annals of Internal Medicine 99:145-151
Bozzette S, et al 1990 A Controlled Trial of Early Adjunctive Treatment with Corticosteroids for PCP Pneumonia in AIDS New England Journal of Medicine 323 (21):145-7; Traltner A, et al 1993 The Appearance of Kaposi's Sarcoma During Corticosteroid Therapy Cancer 72 (5):1779-1783
Average of two random issues of Edge magazine and Frontiers Gay Biweekly magazine less classified, phone sex, theater and cinema advertisements
Merck Manual 1992 16th edition p55, Merck Research Laboratories; Glaxo-Wellcome information sheet accompanying Zidovudine
Ascher M, et al 1993 Does Drug Use Cause AIDS? Nature 362:103-104; Schecter M, et al 1993 HIV-1 and the Aetiology of AIDS Lancet 341:658-659; Duesberg P 1993 Can Epidemiology Determine Whether Drugs or HIV Cause AIDS? AIDS Forshung 12:627-635
Brody, S 1997 Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick; 80%: Potterat et al 1987 JAMA 256 p 12; 65%: Renzullo et al 1990 JAIDS 3, p266-271; 83%-90%: Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences 1989; 69%: Chicago Dept of Public Health, Journal of AIDS 1997; 99.4%: NYC Dept of Health, American Journal of Epidemiology 137:2
Duesberg P, Rasnick D 1998 The AIDS Dilemma: Drug Diseases Based on a Passenger Virus, Genetica 104: p109 Table 7
Achard G, Bernard H, et al 1909 Action de la Morphine sur les Proprietes Leucocytaires; Leucodiagnostic du Morphinisme Bulletin et Memoires de la Societe Medicale des Hopitaux de Paris 28, 3rd Series:958-966; Terry C, Pellens M 1928 The Opium Problem Bureau of Social Hygiene of New York; Briggs J, McKerron C, et al 1967 Severe Systemic Infection Complicating "Mainline" Heroin Addiction Lancet ii:1227-1231; Sapira J 1968 The Narcotic Addict as a Medical Patient Am J Med 45:555-558; Harris P, Garret R 1972 Susceptibility of Addicts to Infection and Neoplasia New Engl J Med 287:310; Geller S, Stimmel B 1973 Diagnostic Confusion from Lymphatic Lesions in Heroin Addicts Ann Intern Med 78:703-705; Pillari G, Narus J 1973 Physical Effects of Heroin Addiction Am J Nursing 73:2105-2109; Brown S, Stimmel B, et al 1974 Immunologic Dysfunction in Heroin Addicts Arch Intern Med 134:1001-1006; Louria D 1974 Infectious Complications of Nonalcoholic Drug Abuse Annu Rev Med 25:219-231; McDonough R, Madden J, et al 1980 Alteration of T and Null Lymphocyte Frequencies in the Peripheral Blood of Human Opiate Addicts: In Vivo Evidence of Opiate Receptor Sites on T Lymphocytes J Immunol 125:2539-2543; Gottlieb M, Schanker H, et al 1981 Pneumocystis PneumoniaLos Angeles Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 30:250-252; Marmor M, Friedman-Kien A, et al 1982 Risk Factors for Kaposi's Sarcoma in Homosexual Men Lancet i:1083-1087; Jaffe H, Choi K, et al 1983 National Case-Control Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in Homosexual Men: Part 1, Epidemiological Results Ann Intern Med 99:145-151; Tubaro E, Borelli G, et al 1983 Effect of Morphine on Resistance to Infection J Infect Dis 148:656-666; Layon J, Idris A, et al 1984 Altered T Lymphocyte Subsets in Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Abusers Arch Intern Med 144:1376-1380; Newell G, Mansell P, et al 1985a Volatile Nitrites: Use and Adverse Effects Related to the Current Epidemic of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Am J Med 78:811-816; Newell G, Mansell P, et al 1985b Risk Factor Analysis Among Men Referred for Possible Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Preventive Med 14:81-91; Culver K, Ammann A, et al 1987 Lymphocyte Abnormalities in Infants Born to Drug-Abusing Mothers J Pediatr 111:230-235; Donahoe R, Bueso-Ramos C, et al 1987 Mechanistic Implications of the Findings that Opiates and Other Drugs of Abuse Moderate T-cell Surface Receptors and Antigenic Markers Ann N.Y. Acad Sci 496:711-721; Bureau of Justice Statistics 1988 Special ReportDrug Law Violators, 1980-1986 US Department of Justice, Washington DC; Haverkos H, Dougherty J (eds) 1988b Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC; Selwyn P, Feingold A, et al 1988 Increased Risk of Bacterial Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Intravenous Drug Users without AIDS AIDS 2:267-272; Novick O, Ochshorn M, et al 1989 Natural Killer Cell Activity and Lymphocyte Subsets in Parenteral Heroin Abusers and Long-Term Methadone Maintenance Patients The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 250:606-610; Mientjes G, Miedema F, et al 1991 Frequent Injecting Impairs Lymphocyte Reactivity in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Drug Users AIDS 5:35-41; Pillai R, Nair B, et al 1991 AIDS, Drugs of Abuse and the Immune System: A Complex Immunotoxicological Network Arch Toxicol 65:609-617; Larrat P, Zierler S 1993 Entangled Epidemics: Cocaine Use and HIV Disease J Psychoactive Drugs 25:207-221; Mientjes G, van Ameijden E, et al 1993 Clinical Symptoms Associated with Seroconversion for HIV-1 among Misusers of Intravenous Drugs: Comparison with Homosexual Seroconverters and Infected and Non-Infected Intravenous Drug Misusers Br. Med. J. 306:371-373; Sadownick D 1994 Kneeling at the Crystal Cathedral Genre December/January 1994 p40-45, 86-90; Ratajczak H, Thomas P, et al 1995 Local Versus Systemic Immunotoxicity of Isobutyl Nitrite Following Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Female B6C3F1 Mice Fundamental and Applied Technology 27:177-184; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Jaffe H, Choi K, et al 1983 National Case-Control Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in Homosexual Men: Part 1, Epidemiological Results Ann Intern Med 99:145-151; Newell G, Adamas S, et al 1984 Toxicity, Immunosuppressive Effects and Carcinogenic Potential of Volatile Nitrites: Possible Relationship to Kaposi's Sarcoma Pharmacotherapy 4:284-291; Haverkos H, Pinsky P, et al 1985 Disease Manifestation Among Homosexual Men with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Possible Role of Nitrites in Kaposi's Sarcoma J Sex Trans Dis 12:203-208; Haverkos H, Kaposi's Sarcoma and Nitrite Inhalants In: Psychological, Neuropsychiatric and Substance Abuse Aspects of AIDS by Bridge T, Heather H, Johnson M (eds) Raven Press, New York p165-172; Haverkos H, Dougherty J 1988a Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants Am J Med 84:479-482; Archer C, Spittle M, et al 1989 Kaposi's Sarcoma in a Homosexual10 Years On Clin Exper Dermatol 14:233-236; Friedman-Kien A, Saltzman B, et al 1990 Kaposi's Sarcoma in HIV-Negative Homosexual Men Lancet 335:168-169; Marquart K, Engst R, et al 1991 An 8-Year History of Kaposi's Sarcoma in an HIV-Negative Bisexual Man AIDS 5:346-348; Safai B, Peralta H, et al 1991 Kaposi's Sarcoma among HIV-Negative High Risk Populations VII International Conference on AIDS, Florence, Italy
Pillari G, Narus J 1973 Physical Effects of Heroin Addiction Am J Nursing 73:2105-2109; Stoneburner R, Des Jarlais D, et al 1988 A Larger Spectrum of Severe HIV-1-Related Disease in Intravenous Drug Users in New York City Science 242:916-919; Rogers M, Ou C, et al 1989 Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction for Early Detection of the Proviral Sequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infants Born to Seropositive Mothers N Engl J Med 320:1649-1654
Gottlieb M, Schanker H, et al 1981 Pneumocystis PneumoniaLos Angeles Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 30:250-252; Jaffe H, Choi K, et al 1983 National Case-Control Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in Homosexual Men: Part 1, Epidemiological Results Ann Intern Med 99:145-151; Mathur-Wagh U, Enlow R, et al 1984 Longitudinal Study of Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy in Homosexual Men: Relation to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Lancet i:1033-1038; Mathur-Wagh U, Mildvan D, et al 1985 Follow-Up of 41/2 Years on Homosexual Men with Generalized Lymphadenopathy N Engl J Med 313:1542-1543; Selwyn P, Feingold A, et al 1988 Increased Risk of Bacterial Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Intravenous Drug Users without AIDS AIDS 2:267-
Geller S, Stimmel B 1973 Diagnostic Confusion from Lymphatic Lesions in Heroin Addicts Ann Intern Med 78:703-705; Pillari G, Narus J 1973 Physical Effects of Heroin Addiction Am J Nursing 73:2105-2109; Espinoza P, Bouchard I, et al 1987 High Prevalence of Infection by Hepatitis B Virus and HIV in Incarcerated French Drug Addicts Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 11:288-292; Des Jarlais D, Friedman S, et al 1988 Risk Reduction of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome among Intravenous Drug Users In: AIDS and IV Drug Abusers: Current Perspectives by Galea R, Lewis B, Baker L (eds) National Health Publishing, Owings Mills, MD p97-109; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Firooznia H, Seliger G, et al 1973 Disseminated Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Association with Heroin Addiction Radiology 109:291-296; Courtwright D 1982 Dark Paradise: Opiate Addiction in America Before 1940 Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; Layon J, Idris A, et al 1984 Altered T Lymphocyte Subsets in Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Abusers Arch Intern Med 144:1376-1380; Stoneburner R, Des Jarlais D, et al 1988 A Larger Spectrum of Severe HIV-1-Related Disease in Intravenous Drug Users in New York City Science 242:916-919; Braun M, Truman B, et al 1989 Increasing Incidence of Tuberculosis in a Prison Inmate Population, Associated with HIV Infection J Am Med Assoc 261:393-397; Brudney K, Dobkin J 1991 Resurgent Tuberculosis in New York City Am Rev Respir Dis 144:744-749; Hayes T, Altman R, et al 1994 HIV-Related Deaths from Selected Infectious Diseases among Persons without AIDS in New Jersey Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 7:1074-1078
Pillari G, Narus J 1973 Physical Effects of Heroin Addiction Am J Nursing 73:2105-2109; Des Jarlais D, Friedman S, et al1988 Risk Reduction of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome among Intravenous Drug Users In: AIDS and IV Drug Abusers: Current Perspectives by Galea R, Lewis B, Baker L (eds) National Health Publishing, Owings Mills, MD p97-109; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165; Bergling T 1997 All Methed Up: Doing Crystal Meth Will Lift You Up Until You Break Genre 53:October p45-47,88; McEvoy A, Kitchen N, et al 1998 Intracerebral Haemorrhage Caused by Drug Abuse Lancet 351:1029
Stoneburner R, Des Jarlais D, et al 1988 A Larger Spectrum of Severe HIV-1-Related Disease in Intravenous Drug Users in New York City Science 242:916-919; Koch T July 30 1990 Uninfected Children of HIV-Infected Mothers May Still Suffer Nervous Problems CDC AIDS Weekly p9; Aylward E, Butz A, et al 1992 Cognitive and Motor Development in Infants at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Am J Dis Child 146:218-222; Larrat P, Zierler S 1993 Entangled Epidemics: Cocaine Use and HIV Disease J Psychoactive Drugs 25:207-221; Hayes T, Altman R, et al 1994 HIV-Related Deaths from Selected Infectious Diseases among Persons without AIDS in New Jersey Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 7:1074-1078; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165; McEvoy A, Kitchen N, et al 1998 Intracerebral Haemorrhage Caused by Drug Abuse Lancet 351:1029
Des Jarlais D, Friedman S, et al 1988 Risk Reduction of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome among Intravenous Drug Users In: AIDS and IV Drug Abusers: Current Perspectives by Galea R, Lewis B, Baker L (eds) National Health Publishing, Owings Mills, MD p97-109; Muñoz A, Vlahov D, et al 1992 Prognostic Indicators for Development of AIDS among Intravenous Drug Users J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 5:694-700; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Des Jarlais D, Friedman S, et al 1988 Risk Reduction of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome among Intravenous Drug Users In: AIDS and IV Drug Abusers: Current Perspectives by Galea R, Lewis B, Baker L (eds) National Health Publishing, Owings Mills, MD p97-109; Ettinger N, Albin R 1989 A Review of the Respiratory Effects of Smoking Cocaine Am J Med 87:664-668; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Savona S, Nardi M, et al 1985 Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Narcotics Addicts Ann Intern Med 102:737-741
Fricker H, Segal S 1978 Narcotic Addiction, Pregnancy, and the Newborn Am J Dis Child 132:360-366; Lifschitz M, Wilson G, et al 1983 Fetal and Postnatal growth of Children Born to Narcotic-Dependent Women J Pediatr 102:686-691; Alroomi L, Davidson J, et al 1988 Maternal Narcotic Abuse and the Newborn Arch Dis Child 63:81-83; Rogers M, Ou C, et al 1989 Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction for Early Detection of the Proviral Sequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infants Born to Seropositive Mothers N Engl J Med 320:1649-1654; Toufexis A May 13 1991 Innocent Victims Time p56-60; Finnegan L, Mellot J, et al 1992 Perinatal Exposure to Cocaine: Human Studies In: Cocaine: Pharmacology, Physiology and Clinical Strategies by Lakoski J, Galloway M, White F (eds) CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL p391-409; Larrat P, Zierler S 1993 Entangled Epidemics: Cocaine Use and HIV Disease J Psychoactive Drugs 25:207-221
Des Jarlais D, Friedman S, et al 1988 Risk Reduction of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome among Intravenous Drug Users In: AIDS and IV Drug Abusers: Current Perspectives by Galea R, Lewis B, Baker L (eds) National Health Publishing, Owings Mills, MD p97-109; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Larrat P, Zierler S 1993 Entangled Epidemics: Cocaine Use and HIV Disease J Psychoactive Drugs 25:207-221; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Wilson J, Kalasinsky K, et al 1996 Striatal Dopamine Nerve Terminal Markers in Human, Chronic Methamphetamine Users Nature Medicine 2:699-703
Pillari G, Narus J 1973 Physical Effects of Heroin Addiction Am J Nursing 73:2105-2109
Pillari G, Narus J 1973 Physical Effects of Heroin Addiction Am J Nursing 73:2105-2109; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Dismukes W, Karchmer A, et al 1968 Viral Hepatitis Associated with Illicit Parenteral Use of Drugs J Am Med Assoc 206:1048-1052; Pillari G, Narus J 1973 Physical Effects of Heroin Addiction Am J Nursing 73:2105-2109; Layon J, Idris A, et al 1984 Altered T Lymphocyte Subsets in Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Abusers Arch Intern Med 144:1376-1380
Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Layon J, Idris A, et al 1984 Altered T Lymphocyte Subsets in Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Abusers Arch Intern Med 144:1376-1380; Stoneburner R, Des Jarlais D, et al 1988 A Larger Spectrum of Severe HIV-1-Related Disease in Intravenous Drug Users in New York City Science 242:916-919; Mientjes G, van Ameijden E, et al 1993 Clinical Symptoms Associated with Seroconversion for HIV-1 among Misusers of Intravenous Drugs: Comparison with Homosexual Seroconverters and Infected and Non-Infected Intravenous Drug Misusers Br. Med. J. 306:371-373; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165
Indiana Hemophilia Foundation. Source: Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Publishing, Washington DC p287-288
Blood Transfusions: Fewer Blood Transfusions Save Lives United Press International February 10 1999; Hebert P, et al New England Journal of Medicine February 11 1999
Brody, S 1997 Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick; 80%: Potterat et al 1987 JAMA 256 p 12; 65%: Renzullo, et al 1990 JAIDS 3, p266-271; 83%-90%: Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences 1989; 69%: Chicago Dept of Public Health, Journal of AIDS 1997; 99.4%: NYC Dept of Health, American Journal of Epidemiology 137:2
Fumento M Washington Times June 8 1999
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 p14 Table 5
Altman L Outside of US and Europe HIV Transmission is Through Heterosexual Contact New York Times November 2 1993
Biggar R, et al 1985 ELISA HTLV Retrovirus Antibody Reactivity Associated With Malaria Lancet ii 520-543; Charmot G, Simon F 1990 HIV Infection and Malaria Revue Du Practien 40:2124; Bush, et al Journal of AIDS 5:872 1992; Kashala O, et al 1994 Infection with HIV-1 and Human T Cell Lymhotropic Viruses Among Leprosy Patients and Contacts Journal of Infectious Diseases 169:292-304
Piatak M, et al 1993 Science 259:1749-53
World Health Organization annual conversions rates. Source: Willner R Deadly Deception Peltec Publishing p39-41
Benthen B, et al Insights from the Tricontinental Seroconverter Study AIDS June 18 1998 12:1039-1045; New England Journal of Medicine 1995 332:209; Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996 173:60
Buchbinder S, et al 1994 Long Term HIV 1 Infection Without Immunologic Progression AIDS 8:1123; Pantaleo G, et al 1995 Studies in Subjects with Long-Term Non-Progressive HIV Infection New England Journal of Medicine 332(4):209-216; Muñoz A, et al 1995 Long-Term Survivors of HIV-1 Infection Journal of AIDS and Human Retrovirology April 15 8(5):496-505
Journal InterAM Medical Health Association 1992 1:1-8
Callen M Surviving AIDS Harper-Collins Publishing; Root-Bernstein R Rethinking AIDS The Free Press, New York p361-363; Time Magazine March 22 1993; Gregory S, Leonardo B 1992 They Conquered AIDS: True Life Adventures; MacIntyre R, Mortal Men: Living with Asymptomatic HIV University Press, Rutgers; Chaitow L, Strohecker J 1997 You Don't Have to Die: Unraveling the AIDS Myth Future Medicine Publishing
Genetica 1996 AIDS: Virus or Drug Induced? p3-22; Ostrom N The T4 Myth New York Native May 2 1994
Bird A 1996 Non-HIV AIDS Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 37(B):171-183; Haynes S California State Department of Health Services AIDS Study. Source: Farber C SPIN magazine May 1994
Mosley J Transfusion Safety Study Group Report presented at 1993 International AIDS conference. Source: Farber C SPIN magazine May 1994
Fleming T, De Mets D Surrogate End Points in Clinical Trials: Are We Being Misled? Annals of Internal Medicine October 1 1996 125:605-613
Carney W, Rubin R, et al Analysis of T Lymphocyte Subsets in CMV Mononucleosis June 1981 Journal of Immunology; Feeney C, Bryzman S, et al October 1995 T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Acute Illness Critical Care Medicine 23 (10):1680-1685
US Centers for Disease Control, 1998 Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
Source for entire section: The American Association of Oriental Medicine Understanding Oriental Medicine, Acupuncture and Herbology Catasauqua, PA; Cassileth B PhD The Alternative Medicine Handbook WW Norton & Co, New York; The Complete Guide to Alternative And Conventional Treatments Time Life Books, Alexandria; Mortimore D The Complete Illustrated Guide to Nutritional Healing, Element Press, Boston; New Choices in Natural Healing, Rodale Press Inc., Emmaus; Tips J PhD Your Liver...Your Lifeline: Detoxification and Rejuvenation for the Whole Body Apple-A-Day Press, Austin; Jensen B PhD DC Tissue Cleansing Through Bowel Management Bernard Jensen International, Escondido
POZ Magazine July 1992
Schwartz D, et al 1997 Extensive Evaluation of a Seronegative Participant in an HIV-1 Vaccine Trial as a Result of False-Positive PCR, Lancet Vol 350 No 9073 p256
Wall Street Journal May 1 1996
American Heritage Dictionary Second College Edition Houghton Mittlin Company, Boston p492
Documentary film HIV=AIDS: Fact or Fraud Starvision Productions Denver CO 1997; CNN Website Massive Trial of AIDS Vaccine to Begin in Thailand February 10 1999 8:27 pm EST
Altman L Inherited Factor May Play Role in Risk of AIDS New York Times May 10 1987
Stoneburner R, Des Jarlais D, et al 1988 A Larger Spectrum of Severe HIV-1-Related Disease in Intravenous Drug Users in New York City Science 242:916-919; Ettinger N, Albin R 1989 A Review of the Respiratory Effects of Smoking Cocaine Am J Med 87:664-668; Mientjes G, van Ameijden E, et al 1993 Clinical Symptoms Associated with Seroconversion for HIV-1 among Misusers of Intravenous Drugs: Comparison with Homosexual Seroconverters and Infected and Non-Infected Intravenous Drug Misusers Br. Med. J. 306:371-373; Hayes T, Altman R, et al 1994 HIV-Related Deaths from Selected Infectious Diseases among Persons without AIDS in New Jersey Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 7:1074-1078; Brettle R 1996 Clinical Features of Drug Use and Drug Use Related to HIV Int J STD & AIDS 7:151-165