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Contrary to popular belief, AIDS is not new and is not a disease.

AIDS is a new name given by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to a collection of 29 familiar illnesses and conditions including yeast infection, herpes, diarrhea, some pneumonias, certain cancers, salmonella, and tuberculosis. (1) These illnesses are called AIDS only when they occur in a person who also has protective disease fighting proteins or antibodies that are thought to be associated with HIV.

A person is diagnosed with AIDS if they have one or more of the 29 official AIDS-defining conditions and if they also testpositive for antibodies associated with HIV. In other words, pneumonia in a person who tests HIV positive is AIDS, while the same pneumonia in a person testing HIV negative is pneumonia. The clinical manifestations and symptoms of the pneumonia may be identical, but one is called AIDS while the other is just called pneumonia.

...

None of the 29 AIDS illnesses are new, none appear exclusively in people who test positive for HIV antibodies, and all have documented causes and treatments that are unrelated to HIV. Prior to the CDC's creation of the AIDS category, these 29 old diseases and conditions were not thought to have a single, common cause.

Although most of us associate AIDS with severe illness, on January 1, 1993, the CDC expanded the definition of AIDS to include people with a T cell count of 200 or less who have no illness or symptoms. (2) This new definition caused the number of AIDS cases in America to double overnight. (3) Since 1993, more than half of all new AIDS cases diagnosed each year have been among people who have no clinical symptoms or disease. (4)

It is only through expansions of the AIDS definition that the number of new AIDS cases has grown. The definition of AIDS in America has been expanded three times since 1981. Although each addition to the definition has caused significant increases in the number of new AIDS cases, AIDS had leveled off in all risk groups by 1992 and has been declining steadily since the second quarter of 1993.

If the CDC had continued to use the first three definitions of AIDS, new American AIDS cases for 1997 would have totaled just over 10,000, making AIDS a relatively insignificant health problem. Using the 1993 definition, 21,000 new cases of AIDS were added to the year's total, and of these, more than 20,000 cases were counted among people with no symptoms or illness. (5)

...

In 1998, the CDC ceased providing information on what AIDS diseases or definitions qualify people for an AIDS diagnosis each year. This means that the public will no longer know how many new AIDS cases are diagnosed in people who are not ill. (6)

Another surprising fact is that you can receive a diagnosis of AIDS without ever having an HIV test. This is referred to as a "presumptive diagnosis." According to CDC records, more than 62,000 American AIDS cases have been diagnosed with no HIV test. (7) Even though the only difference between "pneumonia" and "AIDS" is a positive HIV test, the test is not required for a diagnosis of AIDS.

Since AIDS is not a disease, and there is no single, universally accepted definition for AIDS, the conditions that are called AIDS vary from country to country. For example, Canada's Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (LCDC) does not recognize the American T cell count criteria for AIDS. (8) This means that 182,200 American AIDS patients -- more than 25% of all people in the US ever diagnosed with AIDS -- would not have AIDS if they were in Canada.

The World Health Organization (WHO) employs two distinctly different definitions for AIDS in Africa, neither of which conform to the criteria for American AIDS or Canadian AIDS. The diagnostic definition most commonly used in Africa does not require an HIV test, only that a patient have at least one of three major clinical symptoms (weight loss, fever and/or cough), plus one "minor sign" such as generalized itching or swollen glands. (10)

Before bringing us AIDS, the CDC attempted to sound similar alarms over relatively insignificant health matters. In 1976, after five soldiers stationed at a military base in New Jersey contracted the flu, CDC officials announced an imminent influenza epidemic. Their news releases predicted an outbreak that could wipe out as many as 500,000 Americans within a year. Congress responded to the CDC warnings by diverting millions of federal dollars into an emergency vaccine program, and following appeals from US President Gerald Ford, multitudes of concerned Americans received Swine Flu shots. However, no epidemic ever materialized and no substantiation for the notion of a life-threatening pig virus was ever found. Instead, more than 600 people were left paralyzed by the vaccine which also caused nearly 100 deaths. (11)

The CDC raised public concern again the next year with harrowing predictions for Legionnaire's Disease. Following massive government research efforts and relentless media reports of a new contagious disease, the form of common pneumonia dubbed "Legionnaire's" ended up taking the lives of less than 30 people nationwide. It was later discovered that 20 to 30 percent of Americans are positive for the Legionella bacteria, a common microbe found in water systems throughout the country. (12) The CDC's preoccupation with contagious illness contrasts with the fact that all infectious diseases combined take the lives of less than 1% of modern day Americans. (13)

...

Defined Terms

...

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Author

  • Christine Maggiore

Publisher

  • -

Category

  • AIDS Defining Illness

Topic

  • AIDS Paradox

  • AIDS Dilemma

  • AIDS Definitions

  • HIV Antibody

  • AIDS Epidemiology

  • C.D.C.

Article Type

  • Editorial Article

Publish Year

  • 1996

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Meta Description

  • AIDS, not a new disease, is a term by CDC for 29 known illnesses occurring in HIV positive individuals. CDC's AIDS definitions have expanded thrice since 1981.

Summary

  • AIDS is not a new disease but a term given by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to a collection of 29 known illnesses that occur in individuals who test positive for HIV. The definition of AIDS in America has been expanded three times since 1981, causing significant increases in the number of new AIDS cases. However, the conditions that are called AIDS vary from country to country. For instance, Canada's Laboratory Centre for Disease Control does not recognize the American T cell count criteria for AIDS. This means that over 25% of all people in the US diagnosed with AIDS would not have AIDS if they were in Canada. The CDC has previously raised public concern over relatively insignificant health matters, such as the Swine Flu and Legionnaire's Disease.

Meta Tag

  • AIDS

  • Disease

  • CDC

  • Definitions

  • HIV

  • Antibodies

  • Illnesses

  • Symptoms

  • Diagnosis

  • Health

  • Infections

  • Epidemics

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By Christine Maggiore
This is a chapter from the book
What if everything you thought about AIDS was wrong?
www.aliveandwell.org

...

Contrary to popular belief, AIDS is not new and is not a disease.

AIDS is a new name given by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to a collection of 29 familiar illnesses and conditions including yeast infection, herpes, diarrhea, some pneumonias, certain cancers, salmonella, and tuberculosis. (1) These illnesses are called AIDS only when they occur in a person who also has protective disease fighting proteins or antibodies that are thought to be associated with HIV.

A person is diagnosed with AIDS if they have one or more of the 29 official AIDS-defining conditions and if they also testpositive for antibodies associated with HIV. In other words, pneumonia in a person who tests HIV positive is AIDS, while the same pneumonia in a person testing HIV negative is pneumonia. The clinical manifestations and symptoms of the pneumonia may be identical, but one is called AIDS while the other is just called pneumonia.

...

None of the 29 AIDS illnesses are new, none appear exclusively in people who test positive for HIV antibodies, and all have documented causes and treatments that are unrelated to HIV. Prior to the CDC's creation of the AIDS category, these 29 old diseases and conditions were not thought to have a single, common cause.

Although most of us associate AIDS with severe illness, on January 1, 1993, the CDC expanded the definition of AIDS to include people with a T cell count of 200 or less who have no illness or symptoms. (2) This new definition caused the number of AIDS cases in America to double overnight. (3) Since 1993, more than half of all new AIDS cases diagnosed each year have been among people who have no clinical symptoms or disease. (4)

It is only through expansions of the AIDS definition that the number of new AIDS cases has grown. The definition of AIDS in America has been expanded three times since 1981. Although each addition to the definition has caused significant increases in the number of new AIDS cases, AIDS had leveled off in all risk groups by 1992 and has been declining steadily since the second quarter of 1993.

If the CDC had continued to use the first three definitions of AIDS, new American AIDS cases for 1997 would have totaled just over 10,000, making AIDS a relatively insignificant health problem. Using the 1993 definition, 21,000 new cases of AIDS were added to the year's total, and of these, more than 20,000 cases were counted among people with no symptoms or illness. (5)

...

In 1998, the CDC ceased providing information on what AIDS diseases or definitions qualify people for an AIDS diagnosis each year. This means that the public will no longer know how many new AIDS cases are diagnosed in people who are not ill. (6)

Another surprising fact is that you can receive a diagnosis of AIDS without ever having an HIV test. This is referred to as a "presumptive diagnosis." According to CDC records, more than 62,000 American AIDS cases have been diagnosed with no HIV test. (7) Even though the only difference between "pneumonia" and "AIDS" is a positive HIV test, the test is not required for a diagnosis of AIDS.

Since AIDS is not a disease, and there is no single, universally accepted definition for AIDS, the conditions that are called AIDS vary from country to country. For example, Canada's Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (LCDC) does not recognize the American T cell count criteria for AIDS. (8) This means that 182,200 American AIDS patients -- more than 25% of all people in the US ever diagnosed with AIDS -- would not have AIDS if they were in Canada.

The World Health Organization (WHO) employs two distinctly different definitions for AIDS in Africa, neither of which conform to the criteria for American AIDS or Canadian AIDS. The diagnostic definition most commonly used in Africa does not require an HIV test, only that a patient have at least one of three major clinical symptoms (weight loss, fever and/or cough), plus one "minor sign" such as generalized itching or swollen glands. (10)

Before bringing us AIDS, the CDC attempted to sound similar alarms over relatively insignificant health matters. In 1976, after five soldiers stationed at a military base in New Jersey contracted the flu, CDC officials announced an imminent influenza epidemic. Their news releases predicted an outbreak that could wipe out as many as 500,000 Americans within a year. Congress responded to the CDC warnings by diverting millions of federal dollars into an emergency vaccine program, and following appeals from US President Gerald Ford, multitudes of concerned Americans received Swine Flu shots. However, no epidemic ever materialized and no substantiation for the notion of a life-threatening pig virus was ever found. Instead, more than 600 people were left paralyzed by the vaccine which also caused nearly 100 deaths. (11)

The CDC raised public concern again the next year with harrowing predictions for Legionnaire's Disease. Following massive government research efforts and relentless media reports of a new contagious disease, the form of common pneumonia dubbed "Legionnaire's" ended up taking the lives of less than 30 people nationwide. It was later discovered that 20 to 30 percent of Americans are positive for the Legionella bacteria, a common microbe found in water systems throughout the country. (12) The CDC's preoccupation with contagious illness contrasts with the fact that all infectious diseases combined take the lives of less than 1% of modern day Americans. (13)

...

Defined Terms

AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
Antibodies: Proteins that are manufactured by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) to neutralize an antigen (foreign protein) in the body. Bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms commonly contain many antigens; antibodies formed against these antigens help the body neutralize or destroy the invading microbe. Antibodies may also be formed in response to vaccines.
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; the alleged cause of AIDS.
T cell: One of the two main classes of lymphocytes. T cells play an important role in the body's immune system.
Virus: An organism comprised mainly of genetic material within a protein coat. Depending on the type of virus, the nucleic acid may be either DNA or RNA; in retroviruses, the nucleic acid is RNA. Viruses are incapable of activities typical of life such as growth, respiration and metabolism. Outside living cells, viruses are wholly inert.
Microbe: A minute form of life; a microorganism, especially one that causes disease.

References

Expand
titleClick here to expand..
All referenced text is excerpted from the 4th edition (second printing) of the book What If Everything You Thought You Knew About AIDS Was Wrong? and wherever possible, has been updated for this web site.

  1. In the United States, AIDS = 28 old illnesses and one non-illness:
    1983 original AIDS definition (12 illnesses): Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, toxoplasmosis, strongyloidosis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, lymphoma of the brain
    1985 revised definition (seven more old illnesses added): Mycobacterium avium complex, histoplasmosis, isosporiasis, Burkitt's lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, candidiasis of the bronchi, trachea and lungs, and a positive HIV antibody test.
    1987 revised definition (six additional illnesses): Encephalopathy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, wasting syndrome, coccidioidomycosis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, Salmonella septicemia. HIV antibody test no longer required.
    1993 revised definition (three more illnesses plus one surrogate marker): Recurrent bacterial pneumonia, invasive cervical cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, T Cell count of <200 or <14% of total lymphocytes (non-illness).
    Source: Duesberg P, Yiamouyannis J, 1995 AIDS: The Good News Is HIV Doesn't Cause It Health Action Press

  2. US Centers for Disease Control 1994 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1993

  3. Navarro M AIDS Definition Widened to Include Blood Cell Count August 8 1993 New York Times; Altman L AIDS Cases Increase Among Heterosexuals March 11 1994 New York Times

  4. US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993

  5. US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1997 Table11 p17

  6. US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998 p43

  7. Duesberg P 1993 The HIV Gap in National Statistics Bio/Technology 11:955-6

  8. Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, 1998 HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31, 1997; US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998

  9. US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1997 Figure 6 p25; US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998

  10. World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (current use confirmed by WHO April 1999); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents, Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994; 69:273-80 (current use confirmed by WHO April 1999)

  11. Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus: Regnery Press, Washington DC p141-145

  12. Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus: Regnery Press, Washington DC p54-58

  13. Carins J 1978 Cancer: Science and Society WH Freeman and Company, San Francisco

  14. Duesberg P, Rasnick D 1998 The AIDS Dilemma: Drug Diseases Blamed on a Passenger Virus Genetica 104:85-132; Mullis K 1998 Dancing Naked in the Mindfield Pantheon Books, New York p171-190; Shenton J 1998 Positively False St Martin's Press, New York p6-17

  15. Mullis K 1988 Dancing Naked in the Mindfield Pantheon Books, New York p 178; Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 89-96

  16. Altman L New York Times, April 23 1984

  17. Altman L Researchers Believe AIDS Virus is Found New York Times, April 24 1984 (Dr. James Curran, head of the CDC's AIDS investigating team, calls discovery "the virus that causes AIDS") 

  18. Gallo found HIV in only 26 of 63 AIDS patients (41%) Source: Gallo R May 4 1984 Science Volume 224 p502

  19. In 1983, Montagnier sent Gallo "retrovirus particles" (LAV) taken from the lymph node of a male homosexual without AIDS. Source: Science May 20 1983, Vol 220; the virus Gallo claimed to have discovered in 1984 was found to actually be Montagnier's LAV. Source: New Scientist, February 12 1987

  20. Dingell J Misconduct in Medical Research, New England Journal of Medicine 1993 328:1610-1615; Co-Discoverer of HIV Loses Bid to Regain Job AIDS Policy and Law May 14 1999 Vol 14 No 9; Crewdson J In Gallo Case, Truth Termed a Casualty: Science Subverted in AIDS Research Chicago Tribune, January 1 1995

  21. Baffour A Are 26 Million Africans Dying of AIDS? December 1998 New African Magazine p34-42

  22. Duesberg P Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC; Root-Bernstein R 1993 Rethinking AIDS The Free Press, New York

  23. Cordes R, et al 1995 Pitfalls in HIV Testing Postgraduate Medicine 98:177; Langedijk J, et al 1992 Identification of Cross-reaction Epitopes Recognized by HIV-1 False-positive Sera AIDS 6:1547-1548; Strandstrom H, et al 1990 Studies with Canine Sera that Contain Antibodies which Recognize HIV Structural Proteins Cancer Research, September 1:50(17 Suppl):56285-56305; Germanson T 1989 Screening for HIV: Can We Afford the Confusion of the False Positive Rate? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42:1235; Weiss R, et al 1988 HIV Testing is the Answer-What's the Question? New England Journal of Medicine 319:1010-1012; Burke, et al 1988 Measurement of the False Positive Rate in a Screening Program for HIV Infections New England Journal of Medicine 319(15):961-964; US News and World Report, November 23 1987 p22c; Jackson G, et al 1988 Passive Immunoneutralisation of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus in Patients with Advanced AIDS Lancet, September 17:647

  24. Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Journal Vol 11 p696-707

  25. Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Has Gallo Proven the Role of HIV in AIDS? Emergency Medicine 5:113-123

  26. Papadopulos-Eleopulous E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Vol. 11

  27. Strandstrom H, et al 1990 Studies with Canine Sera which Recognise HIV Structural Proteins, Cancer Research 50:5628s-5630s. Source: Testing, Testing, 1,2,3... Turner V 1996 Contiuum Vol 3:5 p8-11

  28. Papadopolus-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Journal Vol 11 p696-701; Quantum Clinical Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA: HIV antibody test results for Christine Maggiore April 9 1992 HIV reactive, WB positive positive; March 27 1993 HIV reactive, WB indeterminate; September 1 1993 HIV non-reactive

  29. Abbott Laboratory's ELISA HIV antibody test kit pamphlet

  30. Continuum Vol 3:4 with thanks to Val Turner, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia; Bio/Technology June 1993 11:696-707

  31. Roche Amplicor PCR Diagnostics HIV-1 Monitor test kit pamphlet

  32. Curran J 1985 The Epidemiology of AIDS: Current Status and Future Prospects Science 229:1352-1357; Karon, et al 1996 Prevalence of HIV Infections in the US Journal of the American Medical Association 276:126-131; Krieger L One in 300 US Adults Infected, San Francisco Examiner July 7 1996 pA82

  33. NBC Nightly News, March 10 1995: Robert Hager of NBC reported that the CDC was about to lower estimates they knew were too high. CDC spokesperson Michelle Bond remarked that the CDC officials were reluctant to report lower numbers for fear of adverse budgetary consequences.

  34. All STDs except genital herpes: US Centers for Disease Control 1997, Table 1: Cases of STDs reported by state health departments in US 1941-1997, STD Surveillance p65-66. Genital herpes: Meyer T March 24 1998 Associated Press, Atlanta (Meyer quotes CDC and Dr. Charles Bell of Texas Department of Health)

  35. US Centers for Disease Control 2003 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 2002 (Deaths in persons with AIDS, cumulative totals through December 2002)

  36. US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition states "Reported deaths are not necessarily caused by HIV-related disease"

  37. CDC Wonder website; The New York Times, death count, all ages, all races, both genders 1981-2002

  38. Lazarou J, et al 1998 Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients (1966-1996) Journal of the American Medical Association, 279:1200; Manmaney T Medications Kill 100,000 Annually Los Angeles Times April 15 1998; CDC Wonder website 2004

  39. PBS 1998 The American Experience: Influenza 1918

  40. World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiological Record November 2001 (current)

  41. UNAIDS June 1998 Report on the Global Epidemic; World Health Organization June 1998, Weekly Epidemiological Record

  42. CDC National Vital Statistics Report October 7 1998, Vol 47:4 Table E p7 (Deaths and death rates, final 1996 and preliminary 1997)

  43. Geshekter C 1997 AIDS: The Leading Cause of Unjustified Hysteria, Reappraising AIDS, February Vol 5:2

  44. Institute of Medicine (IOM) 1996 Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs; Webster K Disproportionate Funding Associated Press June 16 1999

  45. US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998

  46. Crowne D, et al 1964 The Approval Motive John Wiley and Sons, New York; Saxe L 1991 Lying: Thoughts of an Applied Social Psychologist American Psychologist 46:409-415; Source: Brody S Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick

  47. Brody, S 1997 Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick; 80%: Potterat, et al 1987 JAMA 256 p 12; 65%: Renzullo, et al 1990 JAIDS 3, p266-271; 83%-90%: Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences 1989; 69%: Chicago Dept of Public Health, Journal of AIDS 1997; 99.4%: NYC Dept of Health, American Journal of Epidemiology 137:2

  48. Figures for AIDS by Risk Groups are based on cumulative figures through 1998 and do not include cases where risk status was not assessed; AIDS by Health Status are for years 1993 through 1997 using Table 11 of the 93-97 US CDC HIV/AIDS Surveillance Reports (1997 was the last year the CDC published the data in Table 11); AIDS by Gender is based on cumulative figures through 1998

  49. US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998

  50. Burke D, et al 1990 Seroprevalence Among Applicants for US Military Service Unpublished data through 1997 from US Military Processing: For a copy of this unpublished data, send a SASE to the author

  51. US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 p26

  52. Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p183

  53. Holding R, Carlsen W 1998 Epidemic Ravages Caregivers San Francisco Chronicle p1, A6-A8

  54. US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 Table 7 p14; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 Table 8 p15

  55. Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, April 1998 Gonorrhea in Canada; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997, Tables 13A and 13B; Interview with LCDC Bureau of AIDS and STDs Office of Don Sutherland, September 14, 1998: Gonorrhea cases in Canada

  56. US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 Table 7 p14; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 Table 8 p15

  57. Mok, et al 1987 Infants born to Mothers Seropositive for HIV Lancet 1164-1168; European Collaborative Study 1991 Children Born to Women with HIV 1 Lancet 337:253-260

  58. Source: National Center for Health Statistics July 1996 703/821-8955: Cumulative SIDS deaths in children under 1 year of age 1983-1996, 1997 preliminary, 1981-1982 computed by average of years 1983-1993

  59. Transactions of the Society of Actuaries, Vol XLIV p333-97; Boffey P April 22 1988, Researchers List Odds of Getting AIDS in Heterosexual Intercourse New York Times; Hearst N, Hulley S April 1988 Journal of the American Medical Association; Dangers Real and Imagined December 8 1997 Wall Street Journal; Discover magazine, May 1996 p82

  60. World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current)

  61. Harvard University Global Burden of Disease Study, 1996; World Health Organization, Geneva 1996 Fighting Disease, Fostering Development; Geshekter C Rethinking AIDS in Africa Reappraising AIDS Vol 3:2 February 1995

  62. World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (in current use); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994 69:273-80 (confirmed April 1999 by WHO)

  63. World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current); Harvard University Global Burden of Disease Study, 1996; World Health Organization, Geneva 1996 Fighting Disease, Fostering Development; Geshekter C Rethinking AIDS in Africa Reappraising AIDS Vol 3:2 February 1995; World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (in current use); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994 69:273-80 (confirmed April 1999 by WHO); World Health Organization World Health Report 1998 Annual cases of selected diseases

  64. Kestler H, et al 1990 Induction of AIDS in Rhesus Monkey by Molecularly Cloned SIV Science 2448:1109-112; Kestler, et al 1991 Importance of Net Gene for Maintenance of High Virus Loads Cell 65:651-662; Fultz, et al 1990 Humoral Response to SIV/SMM Infection in Macaque and Mangabey Monkeys Journal of AIDS 3:319-329; Weiss R, et al 1985 Molecular Biology of RNA Tumor Viruses Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York; Blatner W, et al 1988 HIV Causes AIDS Science 241:514-515; Lambrou E 1994 AIDS Scare or Scam p14-15 Vantage Press, New York

  65. Gao, et al Nature February 4 1999

  66. World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current)

  67. Russell R Kenya Slow to Face Up to AIDS Scourge Reuters November 25 1998

  68. World Health Organization World Health Report 1998

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  71. US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998; 9(2) Calculations: David Crowe, Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society

  72. US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993 (AIDS indicator conditions reported by age group, United States)

  73. US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6

  74. US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6

  75. POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Ziagen (abacavir sulfate), December 1998 MG-001; Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084; Roxanne Ad for Viramune (nevirapine) July 1999, RX-2140 (4/98); Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine) March 1999

  76. POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir

  77. Hammer S, et al 1997 A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues Indinavir in Persons with HIV New England Journal of Medicine 337:725-733 

  78. Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084

  79. POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Ziagen (abacavir sulfate), December 1998 MG-001; Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084; Roxanne Ad for Viramune (nevirapine) July 1999, RX-2140 (4/98); Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine), March 1999; FDA Advisory (warning of spontaneous bleeding in 15 hemophiliacs using protease inhibitors), July 16 1996; Dube M, Johnson D, et al 1997 Protease Inhibitor Associated Hyperglycemia Lancet 350:713-4; Kotler D Truncal Obesity February 20 1998 Clinical Care Options for HIV (Monthly Experts Column); Garrett L The Virus at the End of the World Esquire March 1 1999; Lo J, et al 1998 Buffalo Hump in Men with HIV-1 Lancet March 21 1998 p867-870; Miller KD, et al Visceral Abdominal Fat Accumulation Associated with Use of Indinavir p871-875; Kim L FDA Approves Another Protease Inhibitor The Atlanta Journal and Constitution April 17 1999 p2E; Mickleburgh R, Study AIDS Drugs Long Term, Makers Told The Globe and Mail (Canada) May 4 1999; Colebunders E, et al Sexual Dysfunction with Protease Inhibitors Lancet 353 May 22 1999; Waldholz M, Tanouye E Cocktail Break Wall Street Journal January 25 1999

  80. James Curran on CNN, August 23 1998 8:00 pm EST

  81. Altman L New Cases Widen Views About AIDS New York Times January 5 1984

  82. Auberbach, et al 1984, Am J Med 76:487; Boffey P AIDS in the Future: Risk of Developing AIDS New York Times January 14 1986; JAMA 262: 3129-3130; Burkett E HIV: Not Guilty? Miami Herald December 23 1990 p12-17

  83. Eckholm E Onset of AIDS After Transfusion Found to Lag Average of 5 Years, New York Times May 29 1986; Lambrou E 1994 AIDS: Scare or Scam? Vantage Press, New York p15; Garrett L June 1999 Blacks May Have Genetic Risk of HIV Infection, Alive & Kicking!; Waldholz M, Tanouye E Cocktail Break Wall Street Journal January 25 1999

  84.  

  85. Johnson C, Philpott P Viral Load of Crap Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:10 October 1996; Duesberg P 1995 Nature 357 p197

  86. Rasnick D Kinetics Analysis of Consecutive HIV Proteolytic Cleavages of the Gag-Pol Polyprotein Journal of Biological Chemistry March 7 1997

  87. Mullis K October 1998 The Medical Establishment vs. The Truth Penthouse Magazine

  88. Rich J, et al 1999 Misdiagnosis of HIV Infection by HIV-1 Plasma Viral Load Testing: A Case Series Annals of Internal Medicine 130:37-39; Sullivan, et al Persistently Negative HIV-1 Antibody Enzyme Immunoassay Screening Results for Patients with HIV-1 Infection and AIDS AIDS January 14 1999 13:89-96

  89. Piatak M March 19 1993 High Levels of HIV-1 in Plasma During All Stages of Infection Determined by Competitive PCR Science 259:1749-53; Roehr B Loading Zone POZ Magazine August 1999 p76

  90. New England Journal of Medicine November 3 1994 331:18 p1176-1177

  91. Semba R, et al 1993 Increased Mortality Associated with Vitamin A Deficiency During HIV-1 Infection Arch Intern Med 153:2149-2154

  92. WHO/UNAIDS, 1998 HIV and Infant Feeding: A Guide for Health Care Managers and Supervisors FRH/Nut 98, 22

  93. HealthNews Mothering magazine Summer 1997 p40; Dew J October 8 1999 Newborn HIV Tests Criticized New Haven Register

  94. Farber C AZT Roulette: The Impossible Choices Facing HIV Positive Mothers Mothering magazine September/October 1998 Issue 90

  95. Semba R, et al 1993 Increased Mortality Associated with Vitamin A Deficiency During HIV-1 Infection Arch Intern Med 153:2149-2154

  96. Kumar R, et al 1994 Zidovudine Use in Pregnancy: A Report on 104 cases and Birth Defects Journal of AIDS 7(10):1034-1039

  97. Cordes R, et al 1995 Pitfalls in HIV Testing Postgraduate Medicine 98:177; Ng V, et al Serological Diagnosis with Recombinant Peptides/Proteins Clinical Chemistry 37:1667-1668; Profitt M, et al 1993 Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection Inf Dis Clin North Am 7:203; Steckelberg J, Cockerill F 1988 Serologic Testing for HIV Antibodies Mayo Clinic Proc 63:373; Voevodi A 1992 HIV Screening in Russia Lancet 339:1548

  98. Mothering magazine Summer 1997 Health News p40

  99. Cleary, et al 1987 Journal of the American Medical Association 258(13):1757-62

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