Aaronson, S. A., Todaro, G. J. & Scholnick, E. M., 1971. Induction of murine C-type viruses from clonal lines of virus-free BALB/3T3 cells. Science 174:157-159. Acres, R. B., Conlon, P. J., Mochizuki, D. Y. & Gallis, B., 1986. Rapid Phosphorylation and Modulation of the T4 Antigen on Cloned Helper T Cells Induced by Phorbol Myristate Acetate or Antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 261:16210-16214. Adleman, L. M. & Wofsy, D., 1993. T-Cell Homeostasis: Implications in HIV Infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:144-152. Afrasiabi, R., Mitsuyasu, R. T., Nishanian, P., Schwartz, K. & Fahey, J. L., 1986. Characterization of a Distinct Subgroup of High-Risk Persons with Kaposi's Sarcoma and Good Prognosis Who Present with Normal T4 Cell Number and T4:T8 Ratio and Negative HTLV-III/LAV Serologic Test Results. Am. J. Med. 81:969-973. Albert, J., Pehrson, P. O., Schulman, S., Hakansson, C., Lovhagen, G. B., Berglund, O., Beckman, S. & Fenyo, E. M., 1988. HIV isolation and antigen detection in infected individuals and their seronegative sexual partners. AIDS 2:107-111. Alejandro, M., Volkow, P., Verástegui, E., Lazo de la Vega, S., Kato, M., Sánchez, P., Guarner, J., Gorodezky, G. & Meneses, A., 1991. Malignancies Associated with HIV-1 Infection in Mexico, Volume I, pp. 289 in VIIth International Conference on AIDS, Florence. Ameisen, J. & Capron, A., 1991. Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: the programmed cell death hypothesis. Immunol. Today 12:102-105. Barré-Sinoussi, et al., 1983. Isolation of a T-Lymphotrophic Retrovirus from a patient at Risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Science 220:868-871. Beral, V., Peterman, T. A., Berkelman, R. L. & Jaffe, H. W., 1990. Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS:a sexually transmitted infection? Lancet 335:123-128. Birch, R. E., Rosenthal, A. K. & Polmar, S. H., 1982. Pharmacological modification of immunoregulatory T lymphocytes. II. Modulation of T lymphocyte cell surface characteristics. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 48:231-238. Brettle, R. P., Gore, S. M., Bird, A. G. & McNeil, A. J., 1993. Clinical and epidemiological implications fo the Centers for Disease Control/World Health Organization reclassifaction of AIDS cases. AIDS 7:531-539. Brun-Vezinet, F., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Saimot, A. G., Christol, D., Montagnier, L., Rouzioux, C., Klatzmann, D., Rozenbaum, W., Gluckmann, J. C. & Chermann, J. C., 1984. Detection of IgG antibodies to lymphadenopathy-associatated virus in patients with AIDS or lymphadenopathy syndrome. Lancet I:1253-1256. Burke, D. S., 1989. Laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 9:369-392. Burns, G. F., Battye, F. L. & Goldstein, G., 1982. Surface Antigen Changes Occurring in Short-Term Cultures of Activated Human T Lymphocytes: Analysis by Flow Cytometry. Cell. Immunol. 71:12-26. Calabrese, L. H., 1988. Autoimmune manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Clin. Lab. Med. 8:269-279. Cantor, H. & Boyse, E. A., 1977. Regulation of Cellular and Humoral Responses by T-cell Subclasses. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 41:23-32. Capon, D. J. & Ward, R. H. R., 1991. The CD4-gp120 interaction and AIDS pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:649-678. CDC, 1982. Update on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections in Previously Healthy Persons-United States. MMWR 31:294-301. CDC, 1992. 1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults. MMWR 41:1-19. CDC, 1992. Unexplained CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Depletion in Persons Without Evident HIV Infection-United States. MMWR 41:541-545. Cheng, H. & Delespesse, G., 1986. Human Cord Blood Suppressor T Lympocytes II. Characterization of Inducer Suppressor Cells. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. Microbiol. 11:39-43. Chiodi, F., Albert, J., Olausson, E., Norkrans, G., Hagberg, L., Sonnerborg, A., Asjo, B. & Fenyo, E. M., 1988. Isolation Frequency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus from Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood of Patients with Varying Severity of HIV Infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 4:351-358. Cloyd, M. W. & Moore, B. E., 1990. Spectrum of Biological Properties of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Isolates. Virol. 174:103-116. Cohen, J., 1992. Searching for Markers on the AIDS Trail. Science 258:388-390. Cohen, J., 1993. Unlikely Recruit: Andrew Leigh Brown. Science 260:1264. Cohen, J. J. & Duke, R. C., 1984. Glucocorticoid Activation of a Calcium-Dependent Endonuclease in Thymocyte Nuclei Leads to Cell Death. J. Immunol. 132:38-42. Collman, R., Hassan, N. F., Walker, R., Godfrey, B., Cutilli, J., Hastings, J. C., Friedman, H., Douglas, S. D. & Nathanson, N., 1989. Infection of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). J. Exp. Med. 170:1149-1163. Conway, B. 1990. Detection of HIV-1 by PCR in Clinical Specimens. pp. 40-45, in Techniques in HIV Research, edited by A. Aldovini and B. D. Walker, Macmillan, New York. Defer, C., Agut, H. & Garbarg-Chenon, A., 1992. Multicentre quality control of polymerase chain reaction for detection of HIV DNA. AIDS 6:659-663. Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Marmor, M., Mildvan, D., Yancovitz, S., Sotheran, J. L., Wenston, J. & Beatrice, S., 1993. CD4 lymphocytopenia among injecting drug users in New York City. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:820-822. Detels, R., English, P. A., Giorgi, J. V., Visscher, B. R., Fahey, J. L., Taylor, J. M. G., Dudley, J. P., Nishanian, P., Muñoz, A., Phair, J. P., Polk, B. F. & Rinaldo, C. R., 1988. Patterns of CD4+ Cell Changes After HIV-1 Infection Indicate the Existence of a Codeterminant of AIDS. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1:390-395. Dickover, R. E., Donovon, R. M., Goldstein, E., Dandekar, S., Bush, C. E. & Carlson, J. R., 1990. Quantitation of Human Immunodeficieny Virus DNA by Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:2130-2133. Don, M. M., Ablett, G., Bishop, C. J., Bundesen, P. G., Donald, K. J., Searle, J. & Kerr, J. F. R., 1977. Death of Cells by Apoptosis Following Attachment of Specifically Allergized Lymphocytes In Vitro. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 55:407-417. Donahoe, R. M., Bueso-Ramos, C., Donahoe, F., Madden, J. J., Falek, A., Nicholson, J. K. A. & Bokos, P., 1987. Mechanistic Implications of the Findings That Opiates and Other Drugs of Abuse Moderate T-Cell Surface Receptors and Antigenic Markers. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 496:711-721. Drew, W.L., Mills, J., Levy, J., Dylewski, J., Casavant, C., Ammann, A. J., Brodie, H. & Merigan, T., 1985. Cytomegalic Infection and Abnormal T-Lymphocyte Subset Ratios in Homosexual Men. Ann. Int. Med. 103:61-63. Duesberg, P. H., 1987. Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: Expectations and reality. Cancer Res. 47:1199-1220. Duesberg, P. H., 1992. AIDS acquired by drug consumption and other noncontagious risk factors. Pharmac. Ther. 55:201-277. Essex, M., Allan, J., Kanki, P., McLane, M. F., Malone, G., Kitchen, L. & Lee, T. H., 1985. Antigens of human T-lymphotrophic virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus. Ann. Int. Med. 103:700-703. Fauci, A. S., 1988. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Infectivity and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. Science 239:617-622. Feldman, S. B., Sexton, M., Glenn, J. D. & Lookingbill, D. P., 1989. Immunosuppression in men with Bowenoid Papulosis. Arch. Dermatol. 125:651-654. Felix, D. H., Watret, K., Wray, D. & Southam, J. C., 1992. Hairy leukoplakia in an HIV-negative, nonimmunosuppressed patient. Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. 74:563-566. Fisher, A. G., Collati, E., Ratner, L., Gallo, R. C. & Wong-Staal, F., 1985. A molecular clone of HTLV-III with biological activity. Nature 316:262-265. Fox, C. H., Kotler, D., Tierney, A., Wilson, C. S. & Fauci, A. S., 1989. Detection of HIV-1 RNA in the Lamina Propria of Patients with AIDS and Gastrointestinal Disease. J. Infect. Dis. 159:467-471. Gallo, R. C., 1986. The First Human Retrovirus. Sci. Am. 255:78-88. Gallo, R. C., Sarin, P. S., Kramarsky, B., Salahuddin, Z., Markham, P. & Popovic, M., 1986. First isolation of HTLV-III. Nature 321:119. Gallo, R. C., Shaw, G. M. & Markham, P. D. 1985. The Etiology of AIDS. pp. in AIDS Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, 1st Edition, edited by V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman and S. A. Rosenberg, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. Gazdar, A. F., et al., 1980. Mitogen Requirements for the In Vitro Propagation of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas. Blood 55:409-417. Genesca, J., Jett, B. W., Epstein, J. S., Shih, J. W. K., Hewlett, I. K. & Alter, H. J., 1989. What do Western Blot indeterminate patterns for Human Immunodeficiency Virus mean in EIA-negative blood donors? Lancet II:1023-1025. Gill, P. S., Loureiro, C., Bernstein-Singer, M., Rarick, M. U., Sattler, F. & Levine, A. M., 1989. Clinical Effect of Glucocorticoids on Kaposi's Sarcoma Related to the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Ann. Int. Med. 110:937-940. Gougeon, M.-L. & Montagnier, L., 1993. Apoptosis in AIDS. Science 260:1269-1270. Grady, R. W., Akbar, A. N., Giardina, P. J., Hilgartner, M. W. & De Sousa, M., 1985. Disproportionate lymphoid cell subsets in thalassaemia major: the relative contributions of transfusion and splenectomy. Br. J. Haematol. 59:713-724. Groux, H., Monte, D., Bourrez, J.-M., Capron, A. & Ameisen, J.-C., 1991. A mechanism for CD4+ T-cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: activation-induced programmed cell death by apoptosis. C. R. Acad. Sci. 312:599-606. Groux, H., Torpier, G., Monte, D., Mouton, Y., Capron, A. & Ameisen, J.-C., 1992. Activation-induced Death by Apoptosis in CD4+ T Cells from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Asymptomatic Individuals. J. Exp. Med. 175:331-340. Henderson, L. E., et al., 1987. Direct Identification of Class II Histocompatibility DR Proteins in Preparations of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III. J. Virol. 61:629-632. Henin, Y., Mandelbrot, L., Henrion, R., Pradinaud, R., Coulaud, J. P. & Montagnier, L., 1993. Virus Excretion in the cervicovaginal secretions of pregnant and nonpregnant HIV-infected women. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:72-75. Hersey, P., Bradley, M., Hasic, E., Haran, G., Edwards, A. & McCarthy, W. H., 1983. Immunological Effects of Solarium Exposure. Lancet I:545-548. Hirsch, M. S., Phillips, S. M. & Solnik, C., 1972. Activation of Leukemia Viruses by Graft-Versus-Host and Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions In Vitro. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 69:1069-1072. Hishida, O., Ido, E., Igarashi, T., Hayami, M., Miyazaki, A., Ayisi, N. K. & Osei-Kwasi, M., 1992. Clinically diagnosed AIDS cases without evident association with HIV type 1 and 2 infections in Ghana. Lancet 340:971-972. Hoover, D., 1993. Would Confirmatory Retesting of CD4+ Cells to Verify AIDS Status Be Too Expensive? J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:537-539. Hoover, D. R., Graham, N. M. H., Chen, B., Taylor, J. M. G., Phair, J., Zhou, S. Y. J. & Muñoz, A., 1992. Effect of CD4+ Cell Count Measurement Variability on Staging HIV-1 Infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 5:794-802. Hoover, D. R., Saah, A. J., Bacellar, H., Murphy, R., Visscher, B., Anderson, R. & Kaslow, R. A., 1993. Signs and symptoms of "asymptomatic" HIV-1 infection in homosexual men. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:66-71. Horwitz, M. S., Boyce-Janino, M. T. & Faras, A. J., 1992. Novel human endogenous sequences related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 66:2170-2179. Hoxie, J. A., Mathews, D. M., Callahan, K. J., Cassel, D. L. & Cooper, R. A., 1986. Transient Modulation and Internalization of T4 Antigen Induced by Phorbol Esters. J. Immunol. 137:1194-1201. Hoxie, J. S., Haggarty, B. S., Rackowski, J. L., Pillsbury, N. & Levy, J. A., 1985. Persistent Noncytopathic Infection of Normal Human T Lymphocytes with AIDS-Associated Retrovirus. Science 229:1400-1402. Jacobs, J. L., Libby, D. M., Winters, R. A., Gelmont, D. M., Fried, E. D., Hartman, B. J. & Laurence, J., 1991. A Cluster of Pneumocystis Carinni Pneumonia in Adults without predisposing illnesses. NEJM 324:246-250. Jandinski, J., Cantor, H., Tadakuma, T., Peavy, D. L. & Pierce, C. W., 1976. Separation of Helper T Cells from Suppressor T Cells Expressing Different Ly Components. J. Exp. Med. 143:1382-90. Jason, J. M., McDougal, J. S., Dixon, G., Lawrence, D. N., Kennedy, M. S., Hilgartner, M., Aledort, L. & Evatt, B. L., 1986. HTLV-III/LAV Antibody and Immune Status of Household Contacts and Sexual Partners of Persons with Hemophilia. JAMA 255:212-215. Jewell, S. A., Bellomo, G., Thor, H., Orrenius, S. & Smith, M. T., 1982. Bleb Formation in Hepatocytes During Drug Metabolism Is Caused by Disturbances in Thiol and Calcium Ion Homeostasis. Science 217:1257-1258. Kales, C. P., Murren, J. R., Torres, R. A. & Crocco, J. A., 1987. Early Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality for Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 147:1413-1417. Kaslow, R. A., Phair, J. P., Freidman, H. B., Lyter, D., Solomon, R. E., Dudley, J., Polk, F. & Blackwelder, W., 1987. Infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Clinical Manifestations and Their Relationship to Immune Deficiency. Ann. Int. Med. 107:474-480. Kazazi, F., Mathijs, J.-M., Foley, P. & Cunningham, A. L., 1989. Variations in CD4 Expression by Human Monocytes and Macrophages and Their Relationship to Infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Gen. Virol. 70:2661-2672. Kempf, R. A. & Mitchell, M. S., 1985. Effects of Chemotherapeutic Agents on the Immune Response. II. Cancer Invest. 3:23-33. Kerr, J. F. R. & Searle, J., 1972. A Suggested Explanation for the Paradoxically Slow Growth Rate of Basal-Cell Carcinomas that Contain Numerous Mitotic Figures. J. Pathol. 107:41-45. Kessler, C. M., Schulof, R. S., Goldstein, A. L., Naylor, P. H., Luban, N. L., Kelleher, J. F. & Reaman, G. H., 1983. Abnormal T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations Associated with Transfusions of Blood-Dertived Products. Lancet I:991-992. Kinlen, L. J., 1982. Immunosuppressive Therapy and Cancer. Cancer Surv. 1:565-581. Klatzmann, D., et al., 1984a. Selective Tropism of Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) for Helper-Inducer T Lymphocytes. Science 225:59-63. Klatzmann, D., et al., 1984b. T-lymphocytes T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV. Nature 312:767-768. Klatzmann, D. & Montagnier, L., 1986. Approaches to AIDS therapy. Nature 319:10-11. Lamoureux, G., Davignon, L., Turcotte, R., Laverière, M., Mankiewicz, E. & Walker, M. C., 1987. Is Prior Mycobacterium Infection a Common Predisposing Factor to AIDS in Haitians and Africans. Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Immunol. 138:521-529. Laurence, J., Siegal, F. P., Shattner, E., Gelman, I. H. & Morse, S., 1992. Acquired immunodeficiency without evidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. Lancet 340:273-274. Laurent-Crawford, A. G., Krust, B., Muller, S., Rivière, Y., Rey-Cuillé, M.-A., Béhet, J.-M., Montagnier, L. & Hovanessian, A. G., 1991. The Cytopathic Effect of HIV is Associated with Apoptosis. Virol. 185:829-839. Laurent-Crawford, A. G., Rivière, Y., Montagnier, L. & Hovanessian, A., 1992. Envelope Glycoprotein Gene Expression Mediates Syncytia Formation and Apoptosis, Volume 2, pp. A65 in VIIIth International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam. Learmont, J., et al., 1992. Long-term symptomless HIV-1 infection in recipients of blood produces from a single donor. Lancet 340: 863-867. Lemaitre, M., Guetard, D., Henin, Y., Montagnier, L. & Zerial, A., 1990. Protective activity of tetracycline analogs against the cytopathic effect of the human immunodeficiency viruses in CEM cells. Res. Virol. 141:5-16. Lemasters, J. J., DiGuiseppi, J., Nieminen, A.-L. & Herman, B., 1987. Blebbing, free Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential preceding cell death in hepatocytes. Nature 325:78-81. Levacher, M., Hulstaert, F., Tallet, S., Ullery, S., Pocidalo, J. J. & Bach, B. A., 1992. The significance of activation markers on CD8 lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency syndrome: staging and prognostic value. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 90:376-382. Levinson, S. S. & Denys, G. A., 1988. Strengths and weaknesses in methods for identifying the causative agent(s) of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Critical Reviews in Clincal Laboratory Sciences 26:277-301. Long, A. A., Komminoth, P. & Wolfe, H. J., 1992. Detection of HIV provirus by in situ polymerase chain reaction. NEJM 327:1529-1530. Löwer, R. & Löwer, J., 1993. Endogenous retrovirus sequences in human teratocarcinoma cell lines. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:738. Ludlam, C. A., Steel, C. M., Cheingsong-Popov, R., McClelland, D. B. L., Tucker, J., Tedder, R. S., Weiss, R. A., Philip, I. & Prescott, R. J., 1985. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-III (HTLV-III) Infection in Seronegative Haemophiliacs after Transfusion of Factor VIII. Lancet II:233-236. Lundberg, G. D., 1988. Serological Diagnosos of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by Western Blot Testing. JAMA 260:674-679. Malone, J. L., SImms, T. E., Gray, G. C., Wagner, K. F., Burge, J. R. & Burke, D. S., 1990. Sources of Variability in Repeated T-Helper Lymphocyte Counts from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients: Total Lymphocyte Count Fluctutations and Diurnal Cycle Are Important. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 3:144-151. Margolick, J. B., Donnenbery, A. D., Munoz, A., Park, L. P., Bauer, K. D., Giorgi, J. V., Ferbas, J. & Saah, A. J., 1993. Changes in T and Non-T Lymphocyte Subsets Following Seroconversion to HIV-1: Stable CD3+ and Declining CD3- Populations Suggest Regulatory Responses Linked to Loss of CD4 Lymphocytes. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:153-161. Martinez, E., Domingo, P. & Marcos, A., 1991. Pneumococcal bacteraemia in immunocompetent adults. Lancet 337:57. Masur, H., Ognibene, F. P., Yarchoan, R., Shelhamer, J. H., Baird, B. F., Travers, W., Suffredini, A. F., Deyton, L., Kovacs, J. A., Falloon, J., Davey, R., Polis, M., Metcalf, J., Baseler, M., Wesley, R., Gill, V. J., Fauci, A. S. & Clifford Lane, H., 1989. CD4 Counts as Predictors of Opportunistic Pneumonias in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection. Ann. Int. Med. 111:223-231. Matsiota, P., et al., 1987. Detection of Natural Autoantibodies in the serum of Anti-HIV Positive-Individuals. Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Immunol. 138:223-233. McConkey, D. J., Hartzell, P., Amador-Pérez, J. F., Orrenius, S. & Jondal, M., 1989. Calcium-Dependent Killing of Immature Thymocytes by Stimulation via the CD3/T Cell Receptor Complex. J. Immunol. 143:1801-1806. McConkey, D. J., Hartzell, P., Duddy, S. K., Hakansson, H. & Orrenius, S., 1988. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Kills Immature Thymocytes by Ca2+-Mediated Endonuclease Activation. Science 242:256-259. Mendenhall, C. L., Roselle, G. A., Grossman, C. J., Rouster, S. D. & Weener, R. E., 1986. False Positive Tests for HTLV-III Antibodies in Alcoholic Patients with Hepatitis. NEJM 314:921-922. Meyaard, L., Otto, S. A., Jonker, R. R., Mijnster, M. J., Keet, R. P. M. & Miedema, F., 1992. Programmed Death of T Cells in HIV-1 Infection. Science 257:217-219. Minassian, A., Merges, M., Garrity, R., Nagashima, K., Tsai, W. P., Oroszlan, S. & Nara, P., 1993. Induction of a SMRV-like retrovirus from a human T-cell line after treatment with the mutagen ethyl-methyl-sulfonate. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:738. Montagnier, L., 1985. Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus: From Molecular Biology to Pathogenicity. Ann. Int. Med. 103:689-693. Moore, J. P. & Ho, D. D., 1992. HIV-negative AIDS. Lancet 340:475. Morris, R. G., Hargreaves, A. D., Duvall, E. & Wyllie, A. H., 1984. Hormone-Induced Cell Death. Am. J. Pathol. 115:426-435. Natoli, C., Dianzani, F., Mazzotta, F., Balocchini, E., Peirotti, P., Antonelli, G. & Icaobelli, S., 1993. 90K Protein: A New Predictor Marker of Disease Progression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:370-375. Nicolosi, A., Musico, M., Saracco, A., Molinari, S., Ziliani, N. & Lazzarin, A., 1990. Incidence and risk factors of HIV infection: A prospective study of seronegative drug users from Milan and Northern Italy, 1987-1989. Epidemiology 1:453-459. Novick, D. M., Brown, D. J. C., Lok, A. S. F., Lloyd, J. C. & Thomas, H. C., 1986. Influence of Sexual Preference and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection on T Lymphocyte Subsets, Natural Killer Activity, and Suppressor Cell Activity. J. Hepatol. 3:363-370. Oxford, J., 1980. Immunomodulating effects of antimicrobial agents. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 6:691-699. Pankhurst, C. & Peakman, M., 1989. Reduced CD4+ T Cells and Severe Oral Candidiasis in Absence of HIV Infection. Lancet I:672. Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C. & Fauci, A. S., 1993. The Immunopathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. NEJM 328:327-335. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., 1982. A Mitotic Theory. J. Theor. Biol. 96:741-758. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., 1988. Reappraisal of AIDS: Is the oxidation caused by the risk factors the primary cause? Med. Hypotheses 25:151-162. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Hedland-Thomas, B., Causer, D. A. & Dufty, A. P., 1989a. An alternative explanation for the radiosensitization of AIDS patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 17:695-697. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Knuckey, N., Dufty, A. & Fox, R., 1985. Evidence that the redox state has a role in muscular contraction and relaxation. Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. N.M.R. 17:407-411. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Knuckey, N. W., Dufty, A. & Fox, R. A., 1989b. Importance of the redox state in vasoconstriction induced by adrenaline and serotinin. Cardiovasc. Res. 23:662-665. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Turner, V. F. & Papadimitriou, J. M., 1993b. Has Gallo proven the role of HIV in AIDS? Emerg. Med. [Australia] 5:113-123. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Turner, V. F. & Papdimitriou, J. M., 1992a. Kaposi's Sarcoma and HIV. Med. Hypotheses 39:22-29. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Turner, V. F. & Papdimitriou, J. M., 1992b. Oxidative Stress, HIV and AIDS. Res. Immunol. 143:145-148. Papadopulos-Eleopulos, E., Turner, V. F. & Papdimitriou, J. M., 1993a. Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology 11:696-707. Pellicciari, C., Hosokawa, Y., Fukada, M. & Romanini, M. G. M., 1983. Cytofluormetric study of nuclear sulphydryl and disulphide groups during sperm maturation in the mouse. J. Reprod. Fertil. 68:371-376. Phair, J., Jacobson, L., Detals, R., Rinaldo, C., Saah, A., Schrager, L. & Muñoz, A., 1992. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Occuring Within 5 Years of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 5:490-496. Poiesz, B., et al., 1980. T-cell lines established from human T-lymphocytic neoplasias by direct response to T-cell growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acac. Sci. 77:6815-6819. Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M. G. & Read, E., 1984. Detection, Isolation,and Continuous Production of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS. Science 224:497-500. Redfield, R. R. & Burke, D. S., 1988. HIV Infection:The clinical Picture. Sci. Am. 259:70-78. Reed, D. J., 1990. Status of Calcium and Thiols in Hepatocellular Injury by Oxidative Stress. Seminars in Liver Disease 10:285-292. Reinherz, E. L., Geha, R., Wohl, M. E., Morimoto, C., Rosen, F. S. & Schlossman, S. F., 1981. Immunodeficiency Associated with Loss of T4+ Inducer T-Cell Function. NEJM 304:811-816. Reinherz, E. L., Kung, P. C., Goldstein, G. & Schlossman, S. F., 1979. Separation of functional subsets of human T cells by a monoclonal antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 76:4061-4065. Reinherz, E. L., Morimoto, C., Penta, A. C. & Schlossman, S. F., 1980. Regulation of B cell immunoglobulin secretion by functional subsets of T lymphocytes in man. Eur. J. Immunol. 10:570-572. Reinherz, E. L., et al., 1980. The cellular basis for viral-induced immunodeficiency: analysis by monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunol. 125:1269-1273. René, O., Dragic, T., Lopez, O., Herzenberg, L. & Montagnier, L., 1992. An Anti-Oxidant Prevents Apoptosis and Early Cell Death in Lymphocytes from HIV Infected Individuals, Volume 2, pp. A65 in VIIIth International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam. Rett, K., Wicklmayr, M., Dietze, G. J. & Schwabing, K., 1988. Abnormal T-cell subsets in normal persons. NEJM 319:1608-1609. Rogers, L. A., Forster, S. M. & Pinching, A. J., 1989. IgD production and other lymphocyte functions in HIV infection: immaturity and activation of B cells at different clinical stages. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 75:7-11. Root-Bernstein, R. S., 1993. Rethinking AIDS-The tragic cost of premature consensus. Macmillan, Inc., New York. Rubin, R. H., Carney, W. P., Schooley, R. T., Colvin, R. B., Burton, R. C., Hoffman, R. A., Hansen, W. P., Cosimi, A. B., Russell, P. S. & Hirsch, M. S., 1981. The effect of infection on T lymphocyte subpopulations: a preliminary report. Int. J. Immunopharmac. 3:307-312. Rubinstein, E., 1990. The Untold Story of HUT78. Science 248:1499-1507. Safai, B., Peralta, H., Menzies, K., Tizon, H., Roy, P., Flomberg, N. & Wolinsky, S., 1991. Kaposis's Sarcoma among HIV-Seronegative- High Risk Population, Volume I, pp. 78 in VIIth International Conference on AIDS, Florence. Scharff, O., Foder, B., Thastrup, O., Hofmann, B., Moller, J., Ryder, L. P., Jacobson, K. D., Langhoff, E., Dickmeiss, E., Christensen, S. B., Skinhoj, P. & Svejaard, A., 1988. Effect of thapsigargin on cytoplasmic Ca2+ and proliferation of human lymphocytes in relation to AIDS. Biochim. Biophysica. Acta. 972:257-264. Schellekens, P. T., Tersmette, M., Roos, M. T. L., Keet, R. P., de Wolf, F., Coutinho, R. A. & Miedema, F., 1992. Biphasic rate to CD4+ cell count decline during progession to AIDS correlates with HIV-1 phenotype. AIDS 6:665-669. Schulhafer, E. P., Grossman, M. E., Fagin, G. & Bell, K. E., 1987. Steroid-Induced Kaposi's Sarcoma in a Patient with Pre-AIDS. Am. J. Med. 82:313-317. Seligmann, M., Aractingi, S., Oksenhendler, E., Rabain, C., Ferchal, F. & Gonnot, G., 1991. CD4+ lymphocytopenia without HIV in patient with cryptococcal disease. Lancet 337:57-58. Serrou, B., 1974. Rifampicin and Immunosuppression. Lancet I:172. Shaw, M. S., Wong-Staal, F. & Gallo, R. C. 1988. Etiology of AIDS: virology, molecular biology, and evolution of human immunodeficiency viruses. pp. in AIDS Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, 2nd Edition, edited by V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman and S. A. Rosenberg, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. Sirianni, M. C., Pandolfi, F., Verani, P., Guerra, E., Rossi, G. B. & Aiuti, F., 1991. CD4 defect without HIV in patients with opportunistic infections or Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS 7:130-131. Stagno, S., Pifer, L. L., Hughes, W. T., Brasfield, D. M. & Tiller, R. E., 1980. Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonitis in Young Immunocompetent Infants. Pediatrics 66:56-62. Stanley, S. K. & Fauci, A. S., 1993. T Cell Homeostasis in HIV Infection: Part of the Solution, or Part of the Problem? J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:142-143. Terai, C., Kornbluth, R. S., Pauza, D., Richmann, D. D. & Carson, D. A., 1991. Apoptosis as a Mechanism of Cell Death in Cultured T Lymphoblasts Acutely Infected with HIV-1. J. Clin. Invest. 87:1710-1715. Thomas, H. C., 1981. T cell subsets in patients with acute and chronic HBV infection, primary biliary cirrhosis and alcohol induced liver disease. Int. J. Immunopharmac. 3:301-305. Tijhuis, G. J., et al., 1993. AIDS Without Detectable HIV: A Case Report. Am. J. Med. 94:442-443. Todaro, G. J., Benveniste, R. E. & Sherr, C. J. 1976. Interspecies Transfer of RNA Tumour Virus Genes: Implications for the search for "Human" Type C Viruses. pp. 369-384, in Animal Virology, edited by D. Baltimore, A. S. Huang and C. S. Fox, Academic Press Inc., New York. Toyoshima, K. & Vogt, P. K., 1969. Enhancement and Inhibition of Avian Sarcoma Viruses by Polycations and Polyanions. Virol. 38:414-426. Trimm, J. L., Salama, G. & Abramson, J. J., 1986. Sulfhydryl Oxidation Induces Rapid Calcium Release from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 261:16092-16098. Tsoukas, C., Gervais, F., Shuster, J., Gold, P., O'Shaughnessy, M. & Robert-Guroff, M., 1984. Association of HTLV-III Antibodies and Cellular Immune Status of Hemophiliacs. NEJM 311:1514-1515. Turner, V. F., 1990. Reducing agents and AIDS-Why are we waiting? Med. J. Aust. 153:502. Ushijima, H., Unten, S., Honma, H., Tsuchie, H., Kitamura, T., Weiler, B. E. & Muller, W. E. G., 1992. Effect of Serum Components on Syncytium Formation and Virus Production by Cells Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Vitro. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:513-520. Varmus, H. & Brown, P. 1989. Retroviruses. pp. 53-108, in Mobile DNA, edited by D. E. Berg and M. M. Howe, American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C. Vento, S., Di Perri, G., Garofano, T., Concia, E. & Bassetti, D., 1993. Pneumocystis carinni pneumonia during primary HIV-1 infection. Lancet 342:24-25. Vilmer, E., Rouzioux, C., Vezinet Brun, F., Fischer, A., Chermann, J. C., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Gazengel, C., Dauguet, C., Manigne, P. & Griscelli, C., 1984. Isolation of new lymphotropic retrovirus from two siblings with Haemophilia B, one with AIDS. Lancet I:753-757. Volsky, D. J., Wu, Y. T., Stevenson, M., Dewhurst, S., Sinangil, F., Merino, F., Rodriguez, L. & Godoy, G., 1986. Antibodies to HTLV-III/LAV in Venezuelan Patients with Acute Malarial Syndromes. NEJM 316:647-648. von Briesen, H., Becker, W. B., Henco, K., Helm, E. B., Gelderblom, H. R., Brede, H. D. & Rebsamen-Waigmann, H., 1987. Isolation Frequency and Growth Properties of HIV-Variants: Multiple Simultaneous Variants in a Patient Demonstrated by Molecular Cloning. J. Med. Virol. 23:51-66. Waldman, T. A., Broder, S., Blaese, R. M., Durm, M., Blackman, M. & Strober, W., 1974. Role of Suppressor T Cells in Pathogenesis of Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinaemia. Lancet II:609-613. Walker, D. A. & Lilleyman, J. S., 1983. Pseudo-AIDS. Lancet II:344. Weigle, K. A., Sumaya, C. V. & Montiel, M. M., 1983. Changes in T-lymphocyte subsets during childhood Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis. J. Clin. Immunol. 3:151-155. Weissy, R., Teich, N., Varmus, H. & Coffin, J., Ed. 1982. RNA Tumor Viruses. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Weiss, R. A., 1993. How Does HIV Cause AIDS? Science 260:1273-1279. WHO, 1986. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) WHO/CDC case definition for AIDS. Wkly. Epidem. Rec. 61:69-76. Williams, R. C., Koster, F. T. & Kilpatrick, K. A., 1983. Alterations in lymphocyte cell surface markers during various human infections. Am. J. Med. 75:807-816. Wofsy, D. & Seaman, W. E., 1985. Successful Treatment of Autoimmunity in NZB/NZW F1 Mice with Monoclonal Antibody to L3T4. J. Exp. Med. 161:378-391. Wyllie, A. H., Kerr, J. F. R. & Currie, A. R., 1980. Cell Death: The Significance of Apoptosis. Internat. Rev. Cytol. 68:251-306. Wyllie, A. H., Morris, R. G., Smith, A. L. & Dunlop, D., 1984. Chromatin Cleavage in Apoptosis: Association with Condensed Chromatin Morphology and Dependence on Macromolecular Synthesis. J. Pathol. 142:67-77. Zagury, D., Bernard, J., Leonard, R., Cheynier, R., Feldman, M., Sarin, P. S. & Gallo, R. C., 1986. Long-Term Cultures of HTLV-III-Infected T Cells: A Model of Cytopathology of T-Cell Depletion in AIDS. Science 231:850-853. Zagury, D., Bernard, J., Morgan, D. A., Fouchard, M. & Feldman, M., 1983. Phenotypic Diversity within Clones of Human Normal T Cells. Int. J. Cancer. 31:705-710.
|