In the United States, AIDS = 28 old illnesses and one non-illness:
1983 original AIDS definition (12 illnesses): Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, toxoplasmosis, strongyloidosis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, lymphoma of the brain
1985 revised definition (seven more old illnesses added): Mycobacterium avium complex, histoplasmosis, isosporiasis, Burkitt's lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, candidiasis of the bronchi, trachea and lungs, and a positive HIV antibody test.
1987 revised definition (six additional illnesses): Encephalopathy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, wasting syndrome, coccidioidomycosis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, Salmonella septicemia. HIV antibody test no longer required.
1993 revised definition (three more illnesses plus one surrogate marker): Recurrent bacterial pneumonia, invasive cervical cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, T Cell count of <200 or <14% of total lymphocytes (non-illness).
Source: Duesberg P, Yiamouyannis J, 1995 AIDS: The Good News Is HIV Doesn't Cause It Health Action Press
US Centers for Disease Control 1994 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1993
Navarro M AIDS Definition Widened to Include Blood Cell Count August 8 1993 New York Times; Altman L AIDS Cases Increase Among Heterosexuals March 11 1994 New York Times
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993
US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1997 Table11 p17
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998 p43
Duesberg P 1993 The HIV Gap in National Statistics Bio/Technology 11:955-6
Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, 1998 HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31, 1997; US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998
US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1997 Figure 6 p25; US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998
World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (current use confirmed by WHO April 1999); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents, Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994; 69:273-80 (current use confirmed by WHO April 1999)
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus: Regnery Press, Washington DC p141-145
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus: Regnery Press, Washington DC p54-58
Carins J 1978 Cancer: Science and Society WH Freeman and Company, San Francisco
Duesberg P, Rasnick D 1998 The AIDS Dilemma: Drug Diseases Blamed on a Passenger Virus Genetica 104:85-132; Mullis K 1998 Dancing Naked in the Mindfield Pantheon Books, New York p171-190; Shenton J 1998 Positively False St Martin's Press, New York p6-17
Mullis K 1988 Dancing Naked in the Mindfield Pantheon Books, New York p 178; Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 89-96
Altman L New York Times, April 23 1984
Altman L Researchers Believe AIDS Virus is Found New York Times, April 24 1984 (Dr. James Curran, head of the CDC's AIDS investigating team, calls discovery "the virus that causes AIDS")
Gallo found HIV in only 26 of 63 AIDS patients (41%) Source: Gallo R May 4 1984 Science Volume 224 p502
In 1983, Montagnier sent Gallo "retrovirus particles" (LAV) taken from the lymph node of a male homosexual without AIDS. Source: Science May 20 1983, Vol 220; the virus Gallo claimed to have discovered in 1984 was found to actually be Montagnier's LAV. Source: New Scientist, February 12 1987
Dingell J Misconduct in Medical Research, New England Journal of Medicine 1993 328:1610-1615; Co-Discoverer of HIV Loses Bid to Regain Job AIDS Policy and Law May 14 1999 Vol 14 No 9; Crewdson J In Gallo Case, Truth Termed a Casualty: Science Subverted in AIDS Research Chicago Tribune, January 1 1995
Baffour A Are 26 Million Africans Dying of AIDS? December 1998 New African Magazine p34-42
Duesberg P Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC; Root-Bernstein R 1993 Rethinking AIDS The Free Press, New York
Cordes R, et al 1995 Pitfalls in HIV Testing Postgraduate Medicine 98:177; Langedijk J, et al 1992 Identification of Cross-reaction Epitopes Recognized by HIV-1 False-positive Sera AIDS 6:1547-1548; Strandstrom H, et al 1990 Studies with Canine Sera that Contain Antibodies which Recognize HIV Structural Proteins Cancer Research, September 1:50(17 Suppl):56285-56305; Germanson T 1989 Screening for HIV: Can We Afford the Confusion of the False Positive Rate? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42:1235; Weiss R, et al 1988 HIV Testing is the Answer-What's the Question? New England Journal of Medicine 319:1010-1012; Burke, et al 1988 Measurement of the False Positive Rate in a Screening Program for HIV Infections New England Journal of Medicine 319(15):961-964; US News and World Report, November 23 1987 p22c; Jackson G, et al 1988 Passive Immunoneutralisation of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus in Patients with Advanced AIDS Lancet, September 17:647
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Journal Vol 11 p696-707
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Has Gallo Proven the Role of HIV in AIDS? Emergency Medicine 5:113-123
Papadopulos-Eleopulous E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Vol. 11
Strandstrom H, et al 1990 Studies with Canine Sera which Recognise HIV Structural Proteins, Cancer Research 50:5628s-5630s. Source: Testing, Testing, 1,2,3... Turner V 1996 Contiuum Vol 3:5 p8-11
Papadopolus-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Is a Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology Journal Vol 11 p696-701; Quantum Clinical Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA: HIV antibody test results for Christine Maggiore April 9 1992 HIV reactive, WB positive positive; March 27 1993 HIV reactive, WB indeterminate; September 1 1993 HIV non-reactive
Abbott Laboratory's ELISA HIV antibody test kit pamphlet
Continuum Vol 3:4 with thanks to Val Turner, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia; Bio/Technology June 1993 11:696-707
Roche Amplicor PCR Diagnostics HIV-1 Monitor test kit pamphlet
Curran J 1985 The Epidemiology of AIDS: Current Status and Future Prospects Science 229:1352-1357; Karon, et al 1996 Prevalence of HIV Infections in the US Journal of the American Medical Association 276:126-131; Krieger L One in 300 US Adults Infected, San Francisco Examiner July 7 1996 pA82
NBC Nightly News, March 10 1995: Robert Hager of NBC reported that the CDC was about to lower estimates they knew were too high. CDC spokesperson Michelle Bond remarked that the CDC officials were reluctant to report lower numbers for fear of adverse budgetary consequences.
All STDs except genital herpes: US Centers for Disease Control 1997, Table 1: Cases of STDs reported by state health departments in US 1941-1997, STD Surveillance p65-66. Genital herpes: Meyer T March 24 1998 Associated Press, Atlanta (Meyer quotes CDC and Dr. Charles Bell of Texas Department of Health)
US Centers for Disease Control 2003 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 2002 (Deaths in persons with AIDS, cumulative totals through December 2002)
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition states "Reported deaths are not necessarily caused by HIV-related disease"
CDC Wonder website; The New York Times, death count, all ages, all races, both genders 1981-2002
Lazarou J, et al 1998 Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients (1966-1996) Journal of the American Medical Association, 279:1200; Manmaney T Medications Kill 100,000 Annually Los Angeles Times April 15 1998; CDC Wonder website 2004
PBS 1998 The American Experience: Influenza 1918
World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiological Record November 2001 (current)
UNAIDS June 1998 Report on the Global Epidemic; World Health Organization June 1998, Weekly Epidemiological Record
CDC National Vital Statistics Report October 7 1998, Vol 47:4 Table E p7 (Deaths and death rates, final 1996 and preliminary 1997)
Geshekter C 1997 AIDS: The Leading Cause of Unjustified Hysteria, Reappraising AIDS, February Vol 5:2
Institute of Medicine (IOM) 1996 Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs; Webster K Disproportionate Funding Associated Press June 16 1999
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end edition 1998
Crowne D, et al 1964 The Approval Motive John Wiley and Sons, New York; Saxe L 1991 Lying: Thoughts of an Applied Social Psychologist American Psychologist 46:409-415; Source: Brody S Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick
Brody, S 1997 Sex at Risk Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick; 80%: Potterat, et al 1987 JAMA 256 p 12; 65%: Renzullo, et al 1990 JAIDS 3, p266-271; 83%-90%: Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences 1989; 69%: Chicago Dept of Public Health, Journal of AIDS 1997; 99.4%: NYC Dept of Health, American Journal of Epidemiology 137:2
Figures for AIDS by Risk Groups are based on cumulative figures through 1998 and do not include cases where risk status was not assessed; AIDS by Health Status are for years 1993 through 1997 using Table 11 of the 93-97 US CDC HIV/AIDS Surveillance Reports (1997 was the last year the CDC published the data in Table 11); AIDS by Gender is based on cumulative figures through 1998
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998
Burke D, et al 1990 Seroprevalence Among Applicants for US Military Service Unpublished data through 1997 from US Military Processing: For a copy of this unpublished data, send a SASE to the author
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 p26
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p183
Holding R, Carlsen W 1998 Epidemic Ravages Caregivers San Francisco Chronicle p1, A6-A8
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 Table 7 p14; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 Table 8 p15
Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, April 1998 Gonorrhea in Canada; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997, Tables 13A and 13B; Interview with LCDC Bureau of AIDS and STDs Office of Don Sutherland, September 14, 1998: Gonorrhea cases in Canada
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998 Table 7 p14; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 Table 8 p15
Mok, et al 1987 Infants born to Mothers Seropositive for HIV Lancet 1164-1168; European Collaborative Study 1991 Children Born to Women with HIV 1 Lancet 337:253-260
Source: National Center for Health Statistics July 1996 703/821-8955: Cumulative SIDS deaths in children under 1 year of age 1983-1996, 1997 preliminary, 1981-1982 computed by average of years 1983-1993
Transactions of the Society of Actuaries, Vol XLIV p333-97; Boffey P April 22 1988, Researchers List Odds of Getting AIDS in Heterosexual Intercourse New York Times; Hearst N, Hulley S April 1988 Journal of the American Medical Association; Dangers Real and Imagined December 8 1997 Wall Street Journal; Discover magazine, May 1996 p82
World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current)
Harvard University Global Burden of Disease Study, 1996; World Health Organization, Geneva 1996 Fighting Disease, Fostering Development; Geshekter C Rethinking AIDS in Africa Reappraising AIDS Vol 3:2 February 1995
World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (in current use); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994 69:273-80 (confirmed April 1999 by WHO)
World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current); Harvard University Global Burden of Disease Study, 1996; World Health Organization, Geneva 1996 Fighting Disease, Fostering Development; Geshekter C Rethinking AIDS in Africa Reappraising AIDS Vol 3:2 February 1995; World Health Organization 1985 Bangui definition for AIDS in Africa (in current use); WHO case definitions for AIDS surveillance in adults and adolescents Weekly Epidemiological Record September 1994 69:273-80 (confirmed April 1999 by WHO); World Health Organization World Health Report 1998 Annual cases of selected diseases
Kestler H, et al 1990 Induction of AIDS in Rhesus Monkey by Molecularly Cloned SIV Science 2448:1109-112; Kestler, et al 1991 Importance of Net Gene for Maintenance of High Virus Loads Cell 65:651-662; Fultz, et al 1990 Humoral Response to SIV/SMM Infection in Macaque and Mangabey Monkeys Journal of AIDS 3:319-329; Weiss R, et al 1985 Molecular Biology of RNA Tumor Viruses Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York; Blatner W, et al 1988 HIV Causes AIDS Science 241:514-515; Lambrou E 1994 AIDS Scare or Scam p14-15 Vantage Press, New York
Gao, et al Nature February 4 1999
World Health Organization, November 1998 Weekly Epidemiological Record (current)
Russell R Kenya Slow to Face Up to AIDS Scourge Reuters November 25 1998
World Health Organization World Health Report 1998
World Health Organization World Health Report 1998 Annual cases of selected diseases
Journal of AIDS 1994 7:8 p876
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998; 9(2) Calculations: David Crowe, Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993 (AIDS indicator conditions reported by age group, United States)
US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6
US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6
POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Ziagen (abacavir sulfate), December 1998 MG-001; Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084; Roxanne Ad for Viramune (nevirapine) July 1999, RX-2140 (4/98); Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine) March 1999
POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir
Hammer S, et al 1997 A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues Indinavir in Persons with HIV New England Journal of Medicine 337:725-733
Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084
POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Ziagen (abacavir sulfate), December 1998 MG-001; Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084; Roxanne Ad for Viramune (nevirapine) July 1999, RX-2140 (4/98); Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine), March 1999; FDA Advisory (warning of spontaneous bleeding in 15 hemophiliacs using protease inhibitors), July 16 1996; Dube M, Johnson D, et al 1997 Protease Inhibitor Associated Hyperglycemia Lancet 350:713-4; Kotler D Truncal Obesity February 20 1998 Clinical Care Options for HIV (Monthly Experts Column); Garrett L The Virus at the End of the World Esquire March 1 1999; Lo J, et al 1998 Buffalo Hump in Men with HIV-1 Lancet March 21 1998 p867-870; Miller KD, et al Visceral Abdominal Fat Accumulation Associated with Use of Indinavir p871-875; Kim L FDA Approves Another Protease Inhibitor The Atlanta Journal and Constitution April 17 1999 p2E; Mickleburgh R, Study AIDS Drugs Long Term, Makers Told The Globe and Mail (Canada) May 4 1999; Colebunders E, et al Sexual Dysfunction with Protease Inhibitors Lancet 353 May 22 1999; Waldholz M, Tanouye E Cocktail Break Wall Street Journal January 25 1999
James Curran on CNN, August 23 1998 8:00 pm EST
Altman L New Cases Widen Views About AIDS New York Times January 5 1984
Auberbach, et al 1984, Am J Med 76:487; Boffey P AIDS in the Future: Risk of Developing AIDS New York Times January 14 1986; JAMA 262: 3129-3130; Burkett E HIV: Not Guilty? Miami Herald December 23 1990 p12-17
Eckholm E Onset of AIDS After Transfusion Found to Lag Average of 5 Years, New York Times May 29 1986; Lambrou E 1994 AIDS: Scare or Scam? Vantage Press, New York p15; Garrett L June 1999 Blacks May Have Genetic Risk of HIV Infection, Alive & Kicking!; Waldholz M, Tanouye E Cocktail Break Wall Street Journal January 25 1999
Johnson C, Philpott P Viral Load of Crap Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:10 October 1996; Duesberg P 1995 Nature 357 p197
Rasnick D Kinetics Analysis of Consecutive HIV Proteolytic Cleavages of the Gag-Pol Polyprotein Journal of Biological Chemistry March 7 1997
Mullis K October 1998 The Medical Establishment vs. The Truth Penthouse Magazine
Rich J, et al 1999 Misdiagnosis of HIV Infection by HIV-1 Plasma Viral Load Testing: A Case Series Annals of Internal Medicine 130:37-39; Sullivan, et al Persistently Negative HIV-1 Antibody Enzyme Immunoassay Screening Results for Patients with HIV-1 Infection and AIDS AIDS January 14 1999 13:89-96
Piatak M March 19 1993 High Levels of HIV-1 in Plasma During All Stages of Infection Determined by Competitive PCR Science 259:1749-53; Roehr B Loading Zone POZ Magazine August 1999 p76
New England Journal of Medicine November 3 1994 331:18 p1176-1177
Semba R, et al 1993 Increased Mortality Associated with Vitamin A Deficiency During HIV-1 Infection Arch Intern Med 153:2149-2154
WHO/UNAIDS, 1998 HIV and Infant Feeding: A Guide for Health Care Managers and Supervisors FRH/Nut 98, 22
HealthNews Mothering magazine Summer 1997 p40; Dew J October 8 1999 Newborn HIV Tests Criticized New Haven Register
Farber C AZT Roulette: The Impossible Choices Facing HIV Positive Mothers Mothering magazine September/October 1998 Issue 90
Semba R, et al 1993 Increased Mortality Associated with Vitamin A Deficiency During HIV-1 Infection Arch Intern Med 153:2149-2154
Kumar R, et al 1994 Zidovudine Use in Pregnancy: A Report on 104 cases and Birth Defects Journal of AIDS 7(10):1034-1039
Cordes R, et al 1995 Pitfalls in HIV Testing Postgraduate Medicine 98:177; Ng V, et al Serological Diagnosis with Recombinant Peptides/Proteins Clinical Chemistry 37:1667-1668; Profitt M, et al 1993 Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection Inf Dis Clin North Am 7:203; Steckelberg J, Cockerill F 1988 Serologic Testing for HIV Antibodies Mayo Clinic Proc 63:373; Voevodi A 1992 HIV Screening in Russia Lancet 339:1548
Mothering magazine Summer 1997 Health News p40
Cleary, et al 1987 Journal of the American Medical Association 258(13):1757-62
US Centers for Disease Control Recommendations of the US Public Heath Service Task Force on the Use of Zidovudine [AZT] to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of HIV Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol 43 No RR-11 August 5 1994
Regush N No AZT For My Baby, Please http://ABCNews.com September 16 1999
Gwarteny D Baby's Risk for HIV Sparks Fight The Oregonian January 31 1999; Wright J Court Grants Delay in Baby HIV Case The Register-Guard February 5 1999
Good Morning America September 9 1998
Philpott P Maine Mother Wins Court Fight Against HIV Doctors Reappraising AIDS Vol 6 October 10 1998
Mother Wins Right to Stop HIV Drugs New York Times April 20 1999; Dateline NBC January 25, 1999; A Mother's Instinct People Magazine October 5 1998 p157-158
News Broadcast, CJOB 68 August 18 1999; PeritzI Mother Fights to Block Son's HIV Drug Therapy The Globe and Mail (Canada) August 18 1999
McKittrick A Ethical Drug Pricing: An Oxymoron? Provincetown Positive Spring 1999 p37-39
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 309-359
Physicians Desk Reference 1994 p32
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 309-359
Lauritsen J 1993 The AIDS War Askelpios, New York, FDA Documents Show Fraud in AZT Trials p381-397
Lancet 1993 343:871, Concorde Coordinating Committee; Journal of the American Medical Association 1988 203:3009; New England Journal of Medicine 1992 326:437. Source: Hand T Why Antiviral Drugs Cannot Resolve AIDS Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:9 September 1996
Source: Interview with Dr. Charles Thomas in video HIV=AIDS: Fact or Fraud? Starvision Productions (Stephen Allen, prod.) Denver CO; Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p 309-359
British Medical Journal July 15 1995 p156-158 (49%); Science Magazine February 24 1995 p1080 (34%); JAMA 260:3009 1988; New England Journal of Medicine 1992, 326:437. Source: Hand T Why Antiviral Drugs Cannot Resolve AIDS Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:9 September 1996
Merck Manual 1992 16th edition p55, Merck Research Laboratories; Glaxo-Wellcome information sheet accompanying Zidovudine
Hammer S, et al 1997 A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues Indinavir in Persons with HIV New England Journal of Medicine 337:725-733
Merck ad for Crixivan A&U magazine July 1999 99-4084 910 (508) CRX
Anderson M The Big Tease Valley Advocate February 20 1997
Interview with Christine Maggiore September 1997
AIDS expert Dr. Bruce Walker on ABC News Nightline May 19 1999 11:35 PM EST
Ostrom N The New York Native July 15 1996 Issue 691
POZ magazine July 1999: Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Ziagen (abacavir sulfate), December 1998 MG-001; Merck Ad for Crixivan (indinavir) Merck and Co, Inc. 1998 99-4084; Roxanne Ad for Viramune (nevirapine) July 1999, RX-2140 (4/98); Glaxo-Wellcome Ad for Combivir (lamivudine/zidovudine) March 1999
Journal of the American Medical Association July 10 1996
Johnson H Rolling Stone Magazine Special Report: Dr. David Ho and the Lazarus Equation March 6 1997
Levy J 1996 AIDS Surrogate Markers: Is There Truth in Numbers? JAMA Vol 276 p161-162
Merck ad for Crixivan A&U magazine July 1999 99-4084 910 (508) CRX
Altman L New York Times February 2 1996; Garrett L Newsday March 5 1996; The Boston Globe February 1 1999
Dr. Raymond Schinazi of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Source: Garrett L Newsday March 31 1995
Lancet June 1 1997 Vol 349 p1745; Associated Press Report, Philadelphia Inquirer June 13 1997; Anderson M The Big Tease The Valley Advocate February 20 1997; Green F Cocktail Hangover Cleveland Free Times May 5 1999 Vol 7 Issue 33; Signorile M 641,086 and Counting Out magazine September 1998
The Morning After POZ magazine February 1997
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998; 9(2) Calculations: David Crowe, Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993 (AIDS indicator conditions reported by age group, US)
Interview with Christine Maggiore September 1997
US Centers for Disease Control 1999 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1998; 9(2) Calculations: David Crowe, Alberta Reappraising AIDS Society; US Centers for Disease Control 1998 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end 1997 p25 Figure 6
Gallo R 1984 Science 224; Piatak M 1993 Science 259; Ho D 1991 New England Journal of Medicine 324:961; Shaw G 1991 New England Journal of Medicine 324:954; Cooper 1992 Lancet 341:1099
Duesberg P 1996 Inventing the AIDS Virus Regnery Press, Washington DC p174-180
Bialy H, Duesberg P March 1995 Letter to Nature. Source: AIDS: Virus or Drug Induced? Duesberg P (editor) 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Ho D, et al 1995 Rapid Turnover of Plasma Virions and CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV-1 Infection Nature 373:123-126; Wei X, et al 1995 Nature 373:117-122
Kary Mullis at HEAL Los Angeles, October 25 1995
Philpott P, Johnson C 1996 Viral Load of Crap Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:10 p2
Johnson C Viral Load and the PCR Continuum Vol 4:4 November/ December 1996
CDC faxback document #320320 sent in reply to an inquiry by Christine Johnson
Roche Amplicor PCR Diagnostics HIV-1 Monitor test kit pamphlet
Defer C, et al 1992 Multicenter Quality Control of PCR Detection of HIV DNA AIDS 6:659-663; Bush, et al 1992, Journal of AIDS 5:872; Gerberding J 1994 Incidence and Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B, and CMV Among Health Care Personnel at Risk for Blood Exposure Journal of Infectious Disease 170:1410-1417; de Mendoza, et al 1998 False Positive for HIV Using Commercial Viral Load Quantification Assays AIDS 12:2076-2077; Rich J, et al 1999 Misdiagnosis of HIV Infection by HIV-1 Plasma Viral Load Testing: A Case Series, Annals of Internal Medicine 130:37-39
Schwartz D, et al 1997 Extensive Evaluation of a Seronegative Participant in an HIV-1 Vaccine Trial as a Result of False-Positive PCR, Lancet Vol 350 No 9073 p256
Rasnick D 1997 Kinetics Analysis of Consecutive HIV Proteolytic Cleavages of the Gag-Pol Polyprotein Journal of Biological Chemistry March 7 p6348-6353
Piatak M, et al 1993 Science 259:1749-53
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Levy J 1996 AIDS Surrogate Markers: Is There Truth in Numbers? JAMA Vol 276 p161-162
Philpott P, Johnson C 1996 Viral Load of Crap Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:10 p2
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1988 Reappraisal of AIDS: Is the Oxidation Induced by the Risk Factors the Primary Cause? Medical Hypothesis 25:151-162
Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1993 Is A Positive Western Blot Proof of HIV Infection? Bio/Technology 11:696-707; Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, et al 1996 The Isolation of HIV: Has it Really Been Achieved? Continuum Vol 4:3 Supplement p1-24; Turner V 1996 Do HIV Antibody Tests Prove HIV Infection? Continuum 1996 Vol 3:5 p8-11; Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Stewart G, et al 1997 HIV Antibodies: Further Questions and a Plea for Clarification Current Medical Research and Opinion 13:627-634
Philpott P 1997 The Isolation Question Reappraising AIDS Vol 5:6 June/July/August
Gallo R 1984 Science 224:497-508; Piatak M 1993 Science 259:1749-1754; Piatak M 1993 Lancet 341:1099; Daar, et al 1991 New England Journal of Medicine 324[14]:961-964; Clark, et al 1991 New England Journal of Medicine 324:954-960; Cooper, et al 1992 Lancet 340:1257-1258
Nature Magazine May 26 1994
Morning Report Los Angeles Times May 16 1996 F-2
Project Inform letter to Dr. Bruce Alberts, President of the National Academy of Sciences, July 31 1997: Endorsements are for signers as of August 20 1997
Letter to Christine Maggiore from Ric Parish, PLUS Programs Manager, May 30 1997
Anderson MK 1997 Sick of It All The Valley Advocate January 15 1998
Farber C 1995 AIDS Inc.: Observations of an AIDS Dissident Provincetown Positive April/May Issue p14-18
Garrett L The Virus at the End of The World Esquire magazine March 1999
A&U America's AIDS Magazine June 1999 Issue 56
Duesberg P 1987 Retroviruses as Carcinogens and Pathogens: Expectations and Reality Cancer Research 47:1199-1220
Interview with Christine Maggiore August 25 1999
Eichenwald K, Kolata G Drug Trials Hide Conflicts for Doctors New York Times May 16 1999
Smith M, Sticking Point: AIDS Vaccine Designed by Don Francis in Final Testing San Francisco Weekly July 14 1999
CNN Website Massive Trial of AIDS Vaccine to Begin in Thailand February 10 1999 8:27 pm EST
Dissecting Room Lancet Vol 353 May 15 1999 p1719
McGinley L Price of Success: Powerful Treatments Create Growing Rift Among AIDS Groups Wall Street Journal December 20 1996
Drug Money Counter Punch magazine July 1 1998
Farber C 1995 AIDS Inc.: Observations of an AIDS Dissident Provincetown Positive April/May Issue p14-18
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions through 1998
WHO website http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/social/un/2098.3ce6.html Ratios of estimated AIDS cases/reported AIDS cases for African countries with highest estimated AIDS cases: Angola 22/1; Congo 13/1; Ethiopia 55/1; Kenya 9/1; Madagascar 69/1; Mozambique 48/1; Nigeria 35/1; South Africa 33/1; Uganda 37/1; Zimbabwe 10/1. For all African countries (with available data) combined, the ratio of estimated AIDS cases to reported AIDS cases is 16/1
CDC national AIDS advertising campaign, October 1987: 38 TV commercials, 8 radio spots, 6 print ads
Bennett A, Sharpe A Health Hazard: AIDS Fight Skewed by Federal Campaign Exaggerating Risks Wall Street Journal May 1996 p1
Philpott P CDC Releases Data for 1995: What HIV/AIDS Epidemic? Reappraising AIDS Vol 4:7 July 1996
US Centers for Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report Year-end editions 1993 through 1998 with one exception: AIDS in teenage boys rose from 238 in 1994 to 245 in 1995
Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, 1998 HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31 1997 p1
Until There's a Cure advertisement http://www.until.org
Interview with Patty Dwyer from Until There's A Cure September 3, 1999 (800) 888-UNTIL
WHO website http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/social/un/2098.3ce6.html Ratios of estimated AIDS cases/reported AIDS cases for African countries with highest estimated AIDS cases: Angola 22/1; Congo 13/1; Ethiopia 55/1; Kenya 9/1; Madagascar 69/1; Mozambique 48/1; Nigeria 35/1; South Africa 33/1; Uganda 37/1; Zimbabwe 10/1. For all African countries (with available data) combined, the ratio of estimated AIDS cases to reported AIDS cases is 16/1
China Says HIV Cases Estimated at 400,000 April 1 1999 4:25 am EST Reuters, Bejing
Merck Manual 1899 first edition
Mendelsohn R 1984 How To Raise a Healthy Child In Spite of Your Doctor Ballentine Books, New York p13-15
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Marshall B Why Doctors Aren't Curing Ulcers Fortune Magazine June 9 1997
Haney D Doctors Slow to Attack Bug Behind Ulcers Los Angeles Times (API) February 11 1996
Marshall B Why Doctors Aren't Curing Ulcers Fortune Magazine June 9 1997
NIAID and NIH Report 1996 The Relationship Between HIV and AIDS p3
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